button

1. 1. A generally disk-shaped fastener used to join two parts of a garment by fitting through a buttonhole or loop.
   2. Such an object used for decoration.
2. Any of various objects resembling a button, especially:
   1. A push-button switch.
   2. The blunt tip of a fencing foil.
   3. A fused metal or glass globule.
3. Computer Science.
   1. In graphical user interface systems, a well-defined area within the interface that is clicked to select a command.
   2. In a hypertext database, an icon that when selected allows a user to view a particular associated object.
4. Any of various knoblike structures of a plant or animal, especially:
   1. An immature, unexpanded mushroom.
   2. The tip of a rattlesnake's rattle.
5. A usually round flat badge that bears a design or printed information and is typically pinned to a garment: a campaign button.
6. Informal. The end of the chin, regarded as the point of impact for a punch.

1. To fasten with buttons: buttoned his shirt; buttoned up her raincoat.
2. To decorate or furnish with buttons.
3. Informal. To close (the lips or mouth): Button your lip.

To be or be capable of being fastened with buttons: The blouse buttons up the back.

button up

1. To fasten one's clothing tightly, as against cold weather.
2. To close or seal securely: button up the cabin for winter.
3. To complete the final details of: “Publication is a couple of months off; they're just buttoning up paperback rights” (Donald Dale Jackson).

on the button

1. Exactly; precisely.

[Middle English, from Old French bouton, from bouter, to thrust, of Germanic origin.]

Background

The earliest buttons date to prehistoric times, and in spite of millennia of change in fashion and manufacturing techniques, the button has endured as the most common fabric fastener. Though buttons were used for thousands of years, the buttonhole was not invented until sometime in the 13th century. The buttonhole is thought to have been brought to Europe from the Middle East by knights returning from the Crusades, and its advent led to a surge in button use. Buttons became a staple of men's fashion in the Renaissance, when jackets often featured rows of buttons from chin to waist, sleeves were tightly buttoned from elbow to wrist, and trousers too sported buttons at the waist, knee, or thigh. Guilds of buttonmakers were in existence in Paris in the 13th century, where buttons were made out of a variety of materials including wood, bone, brass, pewter, gold, and silver.

By the 18th century, the button industry flourished all across Europe, and artisans developed many different techniques for making them. The court of Louis XIV of France set the fashion for intricate buttons of precious metals and jewels and fabric buttons of embroidered cloth. English manufacturers invented steel buttons, and glass or glass and metal buttons were popular in France. Many artists famous in other trades also lent their skills to the button industry. The French painter Antoine Watteau made buttons, and some of the leading names in fine china such as Wedgwood, Limoges, and Staffordshire are also associated with fine buttons.

By the late 18th century, buttons began to be made in factories. Metal buttons were punched out by dies, and die-makers were prohibited from emigrating from England, so that they would not take their trade secrets abroad. Nevertheless, the technology spread, and buttons began to be mass-produced in metal, glass, and other materials. Extravagant buttons were still popular elements of 19th-century fashion. Diemakers turned out complex designs using scenes from plays, novels, and nursery rhymes, and Wagner operas and the operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan were routinely commemorated with buttons depicting scenes and characters.

By the early 20th century, the prevailing style was much simpler, reflecting the more sedate look of the growing white-collar class. Inexpensive matched shirt buttons for men and women were available in five-and-dime stores around 1910. Plastic buttons became widely available in the 1930s, though most typical shirt buttons were still made of sea shells or other natural materials. World War II brought many advances in plastic technology. Acrylic buttons were actually made from material left over from the manufacture of bomber gun turrets. The button industry converted almost entirely to plastic after the war. Plastic buttons could be made by a variety of methods. They could be mold cast, where plastic slugs cut from a long rod are placed in a two-part mold. The mold is closed, and heat and pressure applied to finish the button. Another process is injection molding. In this method, melted plastic is forced into a mold with a button-shaped cavity. Outlined below is the most common process for making plastic buttons: die cutting from cylinder-cast polyester.

Raw Materials

Buttons are still made from natural products, but these require more work by hand than do plastic buttons, and some formerly common button materials are no longer widely available. For instance whale ivory, elephant ivory, or tortoiseshell buttons cannot be made in the U.S. because of laws enacted to protect endangered animals. Horn buttons are made from cow and buffalo hooves and horns, but button aficionados claim that modern horn is of poor quality and color because the animals graze on low-quality grass. Antique horn buttons are often streaked and come in a variety of colors, whereas modern horn is a duller light or dark brown. Horn buttons are still an element of the best quality men's fashion, but they cost as much as a dollar a piece, compared to the half a cent price of a standard button. Mother-of-pearl buttons, derived from sea shells, are still prized for their luster. But after World War II, the divers in the South Pacific islands who provided most of the mother-of-pearls began to charge much more for their dangerous labor, and the price of the material rose drastically. Glass buttons, which were widely imported from Germany in the middle of this century, are now much less common as well. The glass buttons were factory made, but they required a lot of hand work under unpleasantly hot conditions, and this industry too dwindled after World War II.

The common material for buttons is polyester, which is a special kind of plastic with properties that make it suitable for buttons. A variety of chemical dyes are added to the polyester to make different colors. To make buttons with the pearlescent sheen of shell buttons, red carbonate is added to the polyester. Black buttons are made with the addition of carbon black, and white buttons are made with titanium. The button making process also requires a chemical catalyst that hardens the polyester, and wax.

The Manufacturing
Process

Mixing the polyester

• Polyester arrives at a button factory in liquid form. At the start of the manufacturing process, polyester is drained from its storage tank and measured into a stainless steel kettle. Then dye is added, if the buttons are to be any color other than the natural translucence of the polyester. After the dye is mixed in, the liquid polyester is poured into a 3-gallon (11 l) metal beaker. The catalyst and liquid wax are added.

Pouring into the cylinder

• The mixture of polyester, catalyst, and wax is then poured into a large rotating metal cylinder. The cylinders are made of steel and lined with chrome, and are typically 2 feet (61 cm) long and 4 feet (122 cm) in diameter. The cylinders lie on their sides on rollers which rotate the drums at 250 rpm. The polyester solution is slowly poured into the rotating interior of the cylinder, and the centrifugal force of the rotation causes the solution to spread, lining the drum with an even sheet. A greater amount of polyester is used for thicker buttons, and less for thinner ones. A 2-inch (5 cm) lip around the ends of the cylinder prevents the polyester from leaking out.

Hardening the sheet

• As the polyester rotates in the cylinder, it begins to interact with the chemical catalyst and harden. The wax rises to the top of the sheet, and also sinks to the bottom, so that the hardening polyester is eventually held between two layers of wax. This process is completed after 20 minutes of rotation. The resulting polyester sheet has changed from its liquid state to a crumbly solid likened to the consistency of stale cheese.

Cutting the sheet

• When the sheet has reached the proper hardness, the drum is stopped and the sheet is cut. Then it is rolled out of the cylinder onto a wooden tube. The wax makes it easy to remove from the drum, but the material is still very delicate. The top layer of wax is then peeled off, and the sheet is transferred to a blanking machine.

Cutting the blanks

• The blanking machine moves the polyester sheet along on a conveyor belt. As the sheet passes along the belt, circular steel cutting dies descend and punch out button-sized circles, called blanks. Buttons come in standard sizes, and different diameter dies can be loaded into the blanking machine, depending on the size needed. After the blanks are cut, they fall into a chute, and the punched out sheet of polyester rolls beneath the chute. Cutting the blanks from the sheet takes from two to four minutes, depending on the size of the buttons being made.

Cooling the blanks

• The blanks at this stage are hot, because the polyester is still reacting with the catalyst, releasing heat. So at this point the blanks are removed from the chute and poured into a nylon bag. The bag is then lowered into a tank of salt water, which is heated to 230°F (110°C). The blanks float in the salt water for 15 minutes. The water slowly cools, and the polyester blanks harden. Next, the nylon bag is transferred to a cold water tank, and the blanks reach their final state of hardness. After the hot and cold baths, the blanks are dried in a centrifugal drying machine, which spins them in a wire mesh basket.

Styling the blanks

• The blanks are now ready to be cut into their finished button shape. The exact design of the button can be specified by a clothing manufacturer, and the button maker must make a steel cutting tool according to the design he is given. A different cutting tool is needed, for example, to make a beveled edge or a flat one, or to make a slightly concave button. When the appropriate cutting tool is in place, the buttons are poured into a hopper at the top of the cutting machine. The blanks fall into a holder where they are clamped tightly and moved toward the cutting tool. The spinning blade advances and cuts the button, then retracts. Next, the button moves beneath a set of drills, which create the holes. Like the cutting tool, the drills must be designed to conform to the clothing manufacturer's specifications. The design specifies not only two holes or four holes, but the diameter of the holes and the distance between them as well. After the buttons pass beneath the drill, they are sucked by vacuum out of the holder and into a box beneath the machine. Hundreds of buttons a minute can be made this way, though the number varies according to the size of the button and the complexity of the design.

Finishing the buttons

• After the buttons are cut and drilled, they have rough or sharp edges, scratches, and tool marks. They are placed into hexagonal tumbling drums, which contain water, an abrasive material, and a foaming agent. The drums spin for up to 24 hours. The buttons bounce around in the drum until they are smooth and shiny. After tumbling, the buttons are washed and dried.

Quality Control

After the buttons are completely finished, they are placed on a conveyor belt and visually inspected for defects. The inspector must check each button for flaws and remove any cracked or mis-cut ones. The buttons are now ready for packaging and sale.

The Future

The 20th century has seen entirely new clothing fasteners such as the zipper and velcro, and we can now manufacture stretchy fabrics that require no fasteners at all. Nevertheless, the button does not seem in danger of fading away. It is both utilitarian and fashionable, and will likely long be with us. However, button technology is not entirely staid. One recent development is a button of superior strength, a ceramic button made of zirconium oxide. Beer magnate Joseph Coors Jr. decided in 1989 that there was a need for an indestructible button, and he used a ceramics research unit at the Adolph Coors Company to develop this new product. The resulting Diamond Z button debuted in 1993. It is said to be harder than steel, with 2.5 times steel's flexing strength. These men's shirt buttons are fired at 3200°F (1760°C), then polished and coated with an ivory-like finish. The proof of the Diamond Z's indestructibility is a "drop test" where a heavy pointed rod falls down a long tube onto the button. The button can withstand this rigorous ordeal as well as the everyday wear and tear of repeated washing and ironing. The Diamond Z button is, however, quite expensive to make compared to the ordinary polyester button, and for that reason it is not likely to displace the existing technology.

Where To Learn More

Books

Epstein, Diana and Millicent Safro. Buttons. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1991.

Fink, Nancy and Maryalice Ditzler. Buttons: The Collector's Guide to Selecting, Restoring and Enjoying New and Vintage Buttons. Running Press, 1993.

Periodicals

Berendt, John. "The Button." Esquire, September 1989, p. 72.

Coy, Peter. "Coors: From Beer to Superstrong Buttons." Business Week, July 12, 1993, p. 149.

[Article by: Angela Woodward]

(1) A knob, such as on a printer or a mouse, which is pushed with the finger to activate a function.

(2) A simulated button on screen that is "pushed" by clicking it with the mouse.

On-screen Button

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Idioms beginning with button:
buttonhole someone
button one's lip

See also cute as a button; have all one's buttons; on the button; push (press) someone's buttons; push the panic button.

The excess metal remaining from the casting and sprue; located at the end of the sprue, opposite the casting.

For more information on button, visit Britannica.com.

1. A small projecting member such as a piece of wood or metal; used to fasten the frame of a door or window.
2. A turn button.

1. a knoblike elevation or structure.
2. an appliance used in surgical anastomosis of the intestine (Murphy's button).

• b. tumor — see histiocytoma.
• b. ulcer — craterous mucosal defects, the edges of which are raised above the surrounding mucosa. The original necrotic center of the lesion is shed leaving a deep ulcer. They are characteristic lesions in the cecum and colon of pigs with subacute salmonellosis. The lesions are usually few in number, small and deep.

When woods with large medullary rays are quarter sawn, the harder, shinier rays are more fully exhibited and show up as "snowflakes" or buttons on a straight-grained background. Some veneer species, such as white oak, lacewood and American sycamore, are more attractive when sliced to reveal this button figure.

Buttons as fasteners (as opposed to campaign buttons) are closely related to the symbolism of clothing. Clothing frequently represents the outer self or persona. Thus, tight buttons (tight clothing) may indicate the feeling of being bound by our social roles, and the act of unbuttoning the opening of the self to others (or, in some instances, sexual opening).

For other uses, see Button (disambiguation) and Buttons (disambiguation).

A small flat button

Metal, plastic, and leather shank buttons.

In clothing and fashion design, a button is a small disc, typically round, object usually attached to an article of clothing in order to secure an opening, or for ornamentation. Functional buttons work by slipping the button through a fabric or thread loop, or by sliding the button through a reinforced slit called a buttonhole.

Buttons may be manufactured from an extremely wide range of materials, including natural materials such as antler, bone, horn, ivory, shell, vegetable ivory, and wood; or synthetics such as celluloid, glass, metal, bakelite and plastic.

Hard plastic is by far the most common material for newly manufactured buttons; the other materials tend to occur only in premium apparel.

Contents 1 History 2 Types of buttons 2.1 Button sizes 3 Buttonholes 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Cited works 6 External links

History

Buttons and button-like objects used as ornaments rather than fasteners have been discovered in the Indus Valley Civilization during its Kot Diji phase (circa 2800-2600 BC) as well as Bronze Age sites in China (circa 2000-1500 BCE), and Ancient Rome.

Buttons made from seashell were used in the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.^[1] Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pierced into them so that they could attached to clothing by using a thread.^[1] Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old."^[2]

Functional buttons, made from stone, have been found at the site of Gobekli Tepe, in southeastern Turkey, dated at 10,500 B.C.E. pictured in the article.^[3] Functional buttons with buttonholes for fastening or closing clothing appeared first in Germany in the 13th century.^[4] They soon became widespread with the rise of snug-fitting garments in 13th- and 14th-century Europe.

Types of buttons

Three sew-through buttons (left) and one shank covered button (right).

• Shank buttons have a small ring or a bar with a hole called the shank protruding from the back of the button, through which thread is sewn to attach the button.
• Covered buttons are fabric-covered forms with a separate back piece that secures the fabric over the knob.
• Flat or sew-through buttons have two or four holes punched through the button through which the thread is sewn to attach the button. Flat buttons may be attached by sewing machine rather than by hand, and may be used with heavy fabrics by working a thread shank to extend the height of the button above the fabric.
• Worked or cloth buttons are created by embroidering or crocheting tight stitches (usually with linen thread) over a knob or ring called a form.
• Mandarin buttons or Frogs are knobs made of intricately knotted strings. Mandarin buttons are a key element in Mandarin dress (Qi Pao and cheongsam in Chinese), where they are closed with loops. Pairs of mandarin buttons worn as cuff links are called silk knots.

Button sizes

The size of the button depends on its use. Shirt buttons are generally small, and spaced close together, whereas coat buttons are larger and spaced further apart. Buttons are commonly measured in lignes (also called lines and abbreviated L), with 40 lignes equal to 1 inch. For example, some standard sizes of buttons are 16 lignes (10.16 mm, standard button of men's shirts) and 32 lignes (20.32 mm, typical button on suit jackets).

Buttonholes

Machine-stitched keyhole buttonhole with bar

Main article: buttonhole

Functional buttons (as opposed to decorative buttons) are normally paired with a buttonhole. Alternately, a decorative loop of cloth or rope may replace the buttonhole. Buttonholes may be either made by hand sewing or automated by a sewing machine.

Buttonholes often have a bar at either end. The bar is a perpendicular stitch that reinforces the ends of a buttonhole.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Buttons (sewing)

• Snap fastener
• Zipper
• Campaign button

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Hesse, Rayner W. & Hesse (Jr.), Rayner W. (2007). Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. 35. ISBN 0313335079.
2. ^ McNeil, Ian (1990). An encyclopaedia of the history of technology. Taylor & Francis. 852. ISBN 0415013062.
3. ^ "The World's First Temple", by Sandra Scham:in "Archaeology", November-December 2008, pp. 23-27
4. ^ Lynn White: "The Act of Invention: Causes, Contexts, Continuities and Consequences", Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 486-500 (497f. & 500)

Cited works

1. Carl Kohler, A History of Costume, Dover 1963 reprint, ISBN 0-486-21030-8
2. Bryan Bunch, The History of Science and Technology, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2004 ISBN 0-618-22123-9

External links

• Worked button making in Dorset
• Types of Buttons
• Button seal
• Button-making in Birmingham, England in the 1800s
• Online button museum

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - knap
v. tr. - knappe, tilknappe
v. intr. - knappes, tilknappes

idioms:

• button mushroom    lille fast champignon
• button up    knappe op, opknappe
• buttoned up    knappet op, åbenstående, opknappet
• on the button    på slaget, præcis

Nederlands (Dutch)
knop, knoop, speldje, insigne, toets, persoon met bepaalde eigenschap, dichtknopen, vastknopen, knopen aanzetten met één druk op de knop voor elkaar weten te krijgen

Français (French)
n. - (Bot) bouton, groom, chasseur, (US) pointe de menton, (Comput) icône (hypertexte)
v. tr. - boutonner
v. intr. - se boutonner

idioms:

• button mushroom    du type champignon de Paris
• button up    boutonner
• on the button    être absolument exact

Deutsch (German)
n. - Knopf, Plakette
v. - zuknöpfen, knöpfen

idioms:

• button mushroom    junger, ungeöffneter Champignon
• button up    zuknöpfen, (ugs.) erledigen
• on the button    exakt

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - κουμπί, μπουτόν
v. - κουμπώνω/-ομαι, θηλυκώνω/-ομαι

idioms:

• button mushroom    μανιταράκι
• button up    κουμπώνω, ολοκληρώνω, κανονίζω
• buttoned up    κουμπωμένος, επιφυλακτικός
• on the button    ακριβώς

Italiano (Italian)
abbottonare, pulsante, bottone, insegna

idioms:

• a hot button    una controversia acuta
• at the touch of a button    istantaneamente
• button mushroom    tipo di fungo
• button up    ammutolirsi, abbottonarsi
• buttoned up    riservato, abbottonato
• on the button    puntualmente
• press the right button    intraprendere l'azione adatta

Português (Portuguese)
n. - botão (m)
v. - abotoar

idioms:

• a hot button    assunto polêmico
• at the touch of a button    de maneira simples
• button mushroom    espécie de cogumelo pequeno
• button up    calar a boca (gír.)
• buttoned up    calado
• on the button    exatamente
• press the right button    fazer a coisa certa, apertar o botão certo

Русский (Russian)
застегивать, пуговица, кнопка, значок

idioms:

• a hot button    кнопка для важной цели
• at the touch of a button    достаточно нажать на кнопку
• button mushroom    мелкий гриб
• button up    застегнуться, молчи
• buttoned up    в шляпе, зажатый
• on the button    точно
• press the right button    знать все ходы и выходы

Español (Spanish)
n. - botón, pulsador, insignia, distintivo, función GUI, ícono o figura de hipertexto
v. tr. - abotonar, abrochar
v. intr. - abotonarse, abrocharse

idioms:

• button mushroom    hongo cerrado
• button up    abotonar, abrochar
• on the button    perfecto, en punto

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - knapp, knopp, dörrhandtag, plakett
v. - förse med knappar, knäppas

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
钮扣, 按钮, 钉钮扣于, 扣紧, 扣住

idioms:

• button mushroom    小蘑菇
• button up    扣住, 守口如瓶
• buttoned up    扣扣子, 闭嘴
• on the button    准时地

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 鈕扣, 按鈕
v. tr. - 釘鈕扣於, 扣緊
v. intr. - 扣住

idioms:

• button mushroom    小蘑菇
• button up    扣住, 守口如瓶
• buttoned up    扣釦子, 閉嘴
• on the button    準時地

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 단추, 싹, 턱, (컴퓨터의) GUI기능, (컴퓨터의) 하이퍼 텍스트 아이콘
v. tr. - ~에 단추를 채우다, ~을 칼 끝으로 찌르다
v. intr. - 단추가 채워지다

idioms:

• button up    ~을 단추로 꽉 잠그다, 입을 다물다, 실시하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ボタン, 押しボタン, 芽, つぼみ
v. - ボタンをかける

idioms:

• button mushroom    若くてまだ開いていないキノコ
• button up    完全に仕上げる
• buttoned up    無口な, 内気な
• on the button    時宜を得て, ちょうど

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) اشارة أو علامه داله في بعض استعمالات الكومبيوتر, زر (فعل) أقفل, زرر‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮כפתור, מתג, לחיץ, פטריה צעירה‬
v. tr. - ‮כיפתר, רכס‬
v. intr. - ‮כופתר, נרכס‬

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