candlepin

Candlepin lanes at a bowling alley in Woburn, Massachusetts (note the downed pin to the right)

Candlepin bowling is a variation of bowling that is played primarily in the Canadian Maritime provinces, Quebec, Maine, Massachusetts and in New Hampshire.^[1]

Comparison to ten-pin bowling

An early 20th century four-lane candlepin alley in Windsor, Vermont, USA, about 1910

Candlepin bowling was developed in 1880 in Worcester, Massachusetts by a local bowling center owner, Justin White some years before both the standardization of the ten-pin sport in 1895, and the invention of duckpin bowling. Today the game is enjoyed in many diverse places such as California and Germany in addition to New England.^[2] As in other forms of bowling, the players roll balls down a wooden pathway (lane) to knock down as many pins as possible. The main differences between candlepin bowling and the predominant ten-pin bowling style are that each player uses three balls per frame (see below), the balls are much smaller (11.43 cm, or 4.5" diameter) and do not have holes, the downed pins (known as 'wood') are not cleared away between balls during a player's turn, and the pins are thinner, and thus harder to knock down. Because of these differences, scoring points is considerably more difficult than in ten-pin bowling, and the highest officially sanctioned undisputed score ever recorded is 245 out of a possible 300 points. The highest officially sanctioned but disputed score is 265.^[3]

Game play

Candlepin bowling pins are specified as 15 ³/4 inches (400 mm) in height, have identical ends, and are almost 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter at the center.

Numbering of a "full rack" of ten candlepins.

Unlike in ten-pin bowling, fallen pins are not cleared away between balls during a player's turn.

A candlepin bowling lane, almost identical to a tenpin bowling lane, has an approach area of some 4.3 to 4.9 meters (14 to 16 ft) long for the player to bowl from, and then the lane proper, a maple surface approximately 1.05 meters (41 in) wide, bounded on either side by a gutter or "channel", or trough. The lane is separated from approach area by a foul line, which must not be crossed by players. At the far end of the lane, are the pins (18.3 meters [60'] from the foul line to the center of the headpin or pin #1), placed by a machine called a pinsetter which occupies space both above and behind the pins. Unlike a tenpin lane, which has a level surface all the way from the near end of the lane's approach to the end of the lanebed, a metal pin plate forms the "pindeck" area of the candlepin lane, and is very slightly depressed below the lanebed forward of it. Behind the pindeck area of the lane is a well-depressed "pit" area for knocked-over pins and balls to fall into, and a curtain behind this to gently stop the pins and balls from going any further. Generally there is seating behind the approach area for teammates and spectators, and containing a small table to hold scorepads.

The Candlepins themselves are 15.75" (400 mm) tall, have a cylindrical shape which tapers equally towards each end (and therefore having no distinct "top" or "bottom" end, unlike a tenpin), giving them an overall appearance somewhat like that of a candle, and have a maximum weight of 1.13 kg (2 lb 8 oz) apiece.^[4] Candlepin bowling uses the same numbering system and shape for the formation within the ten candlepins are set, as the tenpin sport does. Also, as in ten-pin bowling, due to the spacing of the pins (12", or 30.5 cm, center to center), it is impossible for the ball to strike every one. However, while in ten-pin a well-placed ball (usually between the front pin and one of its nearest neighbors) may knock down all ten pins from the chain reaction of pin hitting pin (a strike), in candlepin the smaller thickness of the pins makes throwing a strike extremely difficult. In general, a forcefully thrown ball hitting near the center of the pins will result in many pins being knocked down, but not all. In order to count, the pin must be knocked over entirely; in unlucky circumstances, a pin may wobble furiously, or, even more frustratingly, be "kicked" to the side by several inches, yet come to rest upright, thus not being scored (and not be reset to its original position for any throws that remain, though it may of course still be knocked over by subsequent balls).

In addition to the normal foul line for the bowler themselves, there is a line 10 feet (3.05 m) down the lane from the foul line; this is the lob line, and the ball must first contact the lane at a point on the bowler's side of it. Violation of this rule constitutes a lob and any pins knocked down by such a ball do not count, and such pins are not reset if the lobbed ball was not the third and last shot for that player in that box.

Also, a third line, centered 61 cm (24 in) front of the head pin (number-1 pin) spot is the dead wood line, which defines the maximum forward limit that any toppled pins ("dead wood") can occupy and still be legally playable. This lane specification essentially results in the presence of 'three' foul lines, more than in any other bowling sport.

One unique feature of the candlepin sport is that fallen pins, usually called dead wood, are not removed from the pin deck area between balls, unlike either the tenpin or duckpin bowling sports - depending on where the fallen pins are located and their angle at rest (as all fallen pins must be stationary before delivering the next ball), the dead wood can be a major help, or obstacle, in trying to knock down every single standing pin for either a spare or "ten-box" score in completing a round.

The ball used in candlepins has a maximum weight of 1.1 kg (2 lb 7 oz), and has a maximum diameter of 11.43 cm (4-1/2 inches), making it the smallest bowling ball of any North American bowling sport.^[4] The nearly identical weight of the ball, when compared to that of just one candlepin, tends to cause rapidly-delivered balls to sometimes bounce at random when impacting a full rack of pins on the first delivery of a frame, and sometimes when hitting downed "dead wood" pins on subsequent deliveries.

A game of candlepin bowling, often called a string in New England, is divided into ten rounds, each of these rounds being most commonly referred to as a box, rather than a "frame" as in ten-pin bowling. In each normal box, a player is given up to three opportunities to knock down as many pins as possible. In the final box, three balls are rolled regardless of the pincount, meaning three strikes can be scored in the 10th frame.

In each of the first nine boxes, play proceeds as follows: The first player bowls their first ball at the pins. Whatever pins are knocked down are counted and scored. Then the player rolls a second and a third ball at any remaining targets. In the event that all ten pins were knocked down with the first ball (a 'strike'), the player receives ten points plus the count on the next two rolls, the pins are cleared, a new set placed, and play passes to the next competitor. If all ten pins were knocked down with two balls (a 'spare'), the player receives 10 points plus the count of the next ball, pins are cleared and reset, and play passes to the next competitor. If all three balls are needed to knock all the pins down, the score for that frame is simply 10.

In the tenth box, play is similar, except that a player scoring a strike is granted two additional balls, scoring a spare earns one additional ball. Three balls are rolled in the tenth frame regardless.^[5]

Fouls

A foul (scored by "F") refers to a ball that rolls into the gutter and then strikes wood (felled pins resting on the pin deck behind the dead wood line) or a standing pin, a ball that touches neither the approach or lane before the lob line, or a roll made by a bowler crossing over the foot foul line. Special scoring comes into play.

A foul always scores zero (0), but a player may reset the pins provided it is the first throw in a box or all the preceding balls scored a "F" or 0. Therefore, if on the first ball there is a foul or zero—it is possible to keep the ball on the lane yet miss all ten pins standing in their normal position—and on a second ball foul, the pins may be reset, attempting to knock down a fresh set of 10 pins, but not score a strike or a spare. A foul in the first box knocking down all ten pins in the rerack is a spare, otherwise a third ball is thrown to finish out the box. Fouling all three attempts scores a zero.

Knocking down at least one pin on the first ball, the rack can not be reset because of a foul. Those pins felled by a foul ball (a ball jumping out of the channel, a lobbed ball, a ball delivered by a bowler over the foot foul line)--whether standing, playable wood, or pins in the channel—remain down and reduce the maximum number of pins to be counted for the box. Therefore, with six pins remaining standing with a foul on the next ball, managing to knock down the remaining six with the foul ball, the frame is over, scoring a 4 for that frame. Knocking down some of the remaining pins means a third ball is rolled I may shoot for the pins left standing and only add that total to the four (4) felled in the first ball (ex. thus, unadjusted score: 4 4 2 = "X", but true score: 4 F 2 = 6). The same holds true for rolling two good balls and fouling in the third attempt. The frame is over and only the pins felled in the first two attempts are recorded for the score for that box.^[6]

While some candlepin alleys have automated scoring systems, and thus know when to clear and reset pins, other alleys, especially older ones have a button, or floor-mounted foot pedal switch, which players must press to manually initiate the clearing and resetting of pins. Automatic pinsetters were introduced in the late 1940s; prior to this, as with ten-pin, pins were set by workers called "pinboys".

In league play, a bowler will bowl five boxes at a time, called a half.

Scoring

One point is scored for each pin that is knocked over. So, in a hypothetical game, if player 'A' felled 3 pins with their first ball, then 5 with their second, and 1 with the third, they would receive a total of 9 points for that box. If player 'B' knocks down 9 pins with their first shot, but misses with their second and third, they would also score 9.

In the event that all ten pins are felled by any one player in a single box, by no more than two throws (just as in tenpins) bonuses are awarded for a strike or spare. One for a strike and two for a spare. If all ten pins are felled by rolling all three balls in a box, the result is a ten-box, usually marked by an X (as in the Roman numeral for ten) but no additional points are awarded. (In ten-pin bowling, a strike is often scored with an "X").

The maximum score in a game is 300 - a perfect game, which has never been known to have been achieved in the history of the sport.^[7] This is scored by bowling 12 strikes: one in each box, and a strike with both bonus balls in the 10th box. In this way, each box will score 30 points (see above - scoring:strike).

This scoring system, except for the scoring sheet's appearance, and the graphic symbols used to record strikes and spares, is identical to that of duckpins.

Strike

When all 10 pins are knocked down with the first ball (called a strike), a player is awarded 10 points, plus a bonus of whatever they score with their next 2 balls. In this way, the points scored for the two balls after the strike are scored twice.

Example:

Box 1, ball 1: 10 pins felled(strike)

Box 2, ball 1: 3 pins felled

Box 2, ball 2: 6 pins felled

Box 2, ball 3: 1 pin felled

The total score from these throws is: 10 + (3+6) + 3 + 6 +1= 29

A player who scores multiple strikes in succession would score like so:

Box 1, ball 1: 10 pins fell(strike)

Box 2, ball 1: 10 pins fell(strike)

Box 3, ball 1: 4 pins fell

Box 3, ball 2: 2 pins fell

Box 3, ball 3: 2 pins fell

The score from these throws is:

• Box one... 10 + (10 + 4) = 24
• Box two... 10 + (4 + 2) = 16
• Box three... 4 + 2 +2 = 8

TOTAL = 48

A player who bowls a strike in the 10th (final) box is awarded two extra balls, so as to allow for their bonus points. If both these balls also result in strikes, a total of 30 points (10 + 10 + 10) is awarded for the box.

Spare

A 'spare' is awarded when all pins are knocked down with a fair ball in or by the second frame. For example, a player uses the first two balls of a box to clear all ten pins. A player achieving a spare is awarded 10 points, plus a bonus of whatever they score with their next ball (only the first ball is counted).

Example:

Box 1, ball 1: 7 pins fell

Box 1, ball 2: 3 pins fell(spare)

Box 2, ball 1: 4 pins fell

Box 2, ball 2: 2 pins fell

Box 2, ball 3: 1 pin fell

The total score from these throws is: 7 + 3 + 4(bonus) + 4 + 2 + 1 = 21

A player who bowls a spare in the 10th (final) box, is awarded one extra ball so as to allow for their bonus points.

X box

An 'x box' (or "10-box") is awarded when no pins are left standing after the third ball of a box. A player achieving an X box is awarded 10 points, but without any bonus for the following ball.

Example:

Box 1, ball 1: 7 pins felled

Box 1, ball 2: 2 pins felled

Box 1, ball 3: 1 pin felled

The total score from these throws simply is: 7 + 2 + 1 = 10^[8]

Calculating scores

Correct calculation of bonus points can be a bit tricky, especially when combinations of strikes and spares come in successive boxes. In modern times, however, this has been overcome with automated scoring systems. When a scoring system is "automated", the bowler only has to bowl. It keeps score and will reset the pinsetter after three balls are thrown or all 10 pins have been knocked down. If a scoring system is "semi-automated", the bowler has to enter the score but the computer will keep track of it. The bowler needs to press a button at the end of the ball return to receive a new "rack" of pins.

Scoring sheet

The candlepin scoring sheet is different from either tenpins or duckpins, in that it is usually oriented vertically, with two columns of squares in a two-square-wide, ten-square-tall arrangement to score one string for one player. The left hand column is used to detail the "per-box" score, with the cumulative total being recorded as each box is rolled in the right-hand square. The first box bowled is recorded in the top horizontal pair of squares, running down the sheet as the string progresses.

Spares and strikes are also marked uniquely in candlepins. Spares are recorded in a box by coloring in the left upper corner of the appropriate left-hand square (using a triangular shape to "fill-in the corner"). If a strike is recorded, opposing corners of the left-hand square are similarly colored in. A common (albeit unofficial) practice is to mark a strike on a strike's bonus ball (double strike) by shading in the remaining two corners of the first strike.

Jargon

Candlepin bowling uses its own colorful jargon to refer to the many scenarios that can arise in a game, with most of the terms denoting different combinations of pins left standing after the first ball has been rolled. Examples of these terms include:

• Head pin: The 1-pin, which is in front of the other pins.
• King pin: The 5-pin, which is in the center of the pins.
• Four Horsemen: Four pins in a diagonal line, from the head-pin outward; if the 1-2-4-7, it is known as "Four horsemen, left side," and if the 1-3-6-10, it is known as "Four horsemen, right side." The usual tenpin term for a spare leave of this kind is a "picket fence" or "clothesline".
• Spread Eagle: A split configuration consisting of the 2-3-4-6-7-10, caused by the first shot striking the head pin too directly, leading to a failure to scatter the pins.Video of the "spread eagle" being left, then converted
• Diamond: Four pins that form a diamond-shaped configuration, either the 2-4-5-8, known as "left-side diamond," the 3-5-6-9, known as "right-side diamond", or the 1-2-3-5, known as the "center diamond" (this same configuration is usually referred to as a "bucket" in standard ten-pin bowling, and while it is very difficult to convert into a spare in candlepin bowling, in ten-pin bowling a spare is usually made from it by an experienced bowler).
• Half Worcester: Perhaps the most distinctive term used in the game. This results when the first shot strikes either the 2-pin or 3-pin too directly, and knocks down only that pin and the one immediately behind it; when only the 2- and 8-pins fall it is a "Half Worcester Left," and when only the 3- and 9-pins fall it is a "Half Worcester Right" (less commonly only the 1- and 5-pins may be knocked down with the first ball, producing a "Half Worcester Center"). According to legend, the term was coined when a team from Worcester and a team from Boston were competing in the semifinal round of a statewide tournament held sometime in the 1940s; late in the last match of the round, one of the bowlers on the Worcester team knocked down only two such pins with his first ball, prompting a member of the Boston team to taunt him by saying, "You're halfway back to Worcester!" It is sometimes said that a player will get "one a game" referring to the Half Worcester.
• Hi-Low-Jack: This term refers to the 1-, 7-, and 10-pins, which are on the three corners of the triangle. Trying to knock down all three in one shot (with no wood) is sometimes a contest as part of a televised candlepin bowling program.
• Glung Glung Glung: Sound of a lot of pins falling (mainly a 9 pin drop or strike).
• 7-10 split: when after the ball is thrown, only the 7 and 10 pins remain standing on the lane. If there is no wood, it is the hardest two-pin combination to completely knock down on one ball. The tenpin term for this most dreaded of spare leaves is usually "bedposts" or "goal posts".
• Ray ball: Local nickname for a strike in which the 1 pin is the last to fall.

Television broadcasts

From 1958 until 1996, a weekly professional bowling match was produced by Boston television station WHDH-TV/WCVB-TV Channel 5, airing every Saturday morning. The winner of this match would return the following Saturday to face a new opponent determined by the outcome of qualifying matches, or "roll-offs," held during the week. The program was hosted by legendary sports announcers Jim Britt and Don Gillis. Cash prizes were awarded to both the winner and loser of the televised match, with bonuses for rolling three consecutive marks (strikes or spares in any combination, or a larger bonus for three strikes in a row), and for rolling a cumulative score of 400 or higher in the three games, or "strings," of which each match consisted. The highest score achieved in the history of the show was 500 by Paul Berger, in 1992, the bowler was given an additional cash prize for reaching 500. For most of the year, this competition was restricted to men only, with a few weeks devoted to matches for women only; other televised matches were also held, involving mixed doubles teams of one man and one woman bowler.

There is also a show that originates from the 1-7-10 Sportscenter in Augusta, Maine. It is on Adelphia channel 9 and is shown every Sunday night at 7pm. This show has been on air since 1997.

The ATV network in Atlantic Canada also broadcast a weekly candlepin bowling show in the 1980s and early 1990s, matching bowlers from New Brunswick against those from Nova Scotia. Its sponsors included Number 7, Mark 10, and Belvedere cigarettes.

List of candlepin bowling TV broadcast shows

Each show is listed with its station of origin

• Candlepin Bowling - WHDH/WCVB, Channel 5 - 1958-1996

Hosted by Jim Britt (1958-1967) and Don Gillis (1967-1996)

Candlepin Bowling was the first candlepin bowling show to be broadcast on television. When WHDH lost its broadcast license, the show simply moved to the new channel 5, WCVB. Originally taped at the former Boylston Bowladrome (1260 Boylston Street, Boston, MA), then at Sammy White's Brighton Bowl, the show moved to the Fairway Lanes in Natick (where Candlepin Doubles was already taping) when Sammy White's closed down in 1986. The show finished its long run at Pilgrim Lanes in Haverhill. Candlepin Bowling was cancelled in 1996 due to WCVB's lessened interest in the broadcasting of local shows. WCVB was also more interested in the broadcasting of Boston College football games. Candlepin Doubles was cancelled in 1993. During the 1980s and 1990s, this program was also locally syndicated to WGGB-TV Channel 40 in Springfield, MA and WPRI-TV Channel 12 in Providence, RI.^[9] In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the show used Van McCoy's disco dance hit The Hustle as its theme song.

• Winning Pins - WHDH, Channel 5 - 1960s

Hosted by Jim Britt

A children's version of Candlepin Bowling, showcasing the best bowlers under 16 years of age. Taped at Sammy White's Brighton Bowl.

• Candlepin Champs - WNAC, Channel 7 - 1970s

Hosted by Dana Hersey. A youth bowling show taped on two candlepin lanes in the Channel 7 parking garage in Boston. Each program consisted of two 2-string matches, one boys' and one girls' match, in one of two age groups (junior/senior).

• Bay State Bowling - WSMW, Channel 27 - 1970-1981

Hosted by Bob Fouracre and Dave Adams

WSMW-TV (channel 27) in Worcester first aired in 1970. This was one of WSMW's inaugural shows when the station first went on the air. The format was similar to channel 5's Candlepin Bowling. This show was notable for its use of the 1972 pop hit Roundabout by the British band Yes, as well as the 1975-1981 animated opening theme to the tune of The Spinners' Rubberband Man. This show, and all of WSMW's other programming, got cancelled in late 1981 when the station's pay-TV movie block expanded to a 24/7 schedule.

• Candlepin Super Bowl - WCVB, Channel 5 - 1972-1983

Hosted by Bill O'Connell (1972-1982) and Brian Leary (1982-1983)

Candlepin Super Bowl was a mixed doubles show. Premiering soon after WCVB took over the channel 5 band, the Super Bowl pitted 2 teams made up of one male and one female bowler each. Taped at Sammy White's Brighton Bowl.

• Candlepins for Cash - WNAC, Channel 7 - 1973-1980 and WXNE, Channel 25 - 1980-1982

Hosted by Bob Gamere (WNAC) and Rico Petrocelli (WXNE)

Candlepins for Cash, being Boston's entry in the Bowling For Dollars series, devolved from a competitive nature to more of a game show format. Bowlers were introduced one by one to win money and prizes by how well they did on the lanes. Also featured a special "red pin" which was worth extra cash if felled on a strike. WNAC taped the show in-studio on lanes built specially for the show (there were 2 lanes in the studio alley). When WNAC chose not to renew the show in April 1980, production moved that fall to WXNE, channel 25, which taped the show at an actual bowling alley, the Wal-Lex Lanes in Waltham, Massachusetts. Host Bob Gamere was still under contract with WNAC, so WXNE hired former Boston Red Sox star Rico Petrocelli as the new host.

• Candlepin Doubles - WCVB, Channel 5 - 1983-1993

Hosted by Brian Leary (1983-1988), Ed Harding (1988-1993).

Candlepin Doubles was a revamped version of Candlepin Super Bowl, which removed mixed doubles, with either all-male or all-female doubles groups. Taped at Fairway Lanes in Natick.

• Big Shot Bowling - NESN - 1985-1991

Hosted by Bob Fouracre and Dan Murphy

NESN's entry into the televised bowling market was similar in format to channel 5's Candlepin Bowling, however qualifying requirements were more strict than channel 5, with intentions to attract the best bowlers in the New England area.

• Candlepin Stars And Strikes - WNDS, Channel 50 - 1983-2005

Hosted by Doug Brown, Dan Murphy (older versions of the show) Dick Lutsk and Mike Morin (most recent versions of the show)

Similar in format to the channel 5 show, except in a stepladder format. Each ladder winner qualified for the Tournament of Champions at the end of the season, which was in the same format as the regular season stepladders. Taped at a number of locations throughout the years, the last location before the show was cancelled being Leda Lanes in Nashua, New Hampshire.

• Candlepin Bowling - Adelphia/(Time Warner?) Channel 9, (Augusta, Maine) - 1997-(unknown)

Similar in format to the original channel 5 show. Taped at the 1-7-10 Sportscenter in Augusta, Maine. Adelphia was sold to Time Warner in 2005, and the program no longer appears on the local TWC-TV channel. It is not currently known when either Adelphia or Time Warner cancelled the show.^[10]

• Candlepin Challenge - Comcast SportsNet New England - 2001-2009

Hosted by John Holt, Dan Murphy, and Trina Fernandez

Candlepin Challenge has three bowlers compete against each other, rather than two. Two bowlers compete for one string in the qualifying round, then the winner of that round plays two strings against a third bowler. The overall winner of the second round is declared that week's champion. At the end of each season, the top three bowlers of the season compete in a similar format but with a higher prize than the regular shows. Taped at the Woburn Bowladrome. For its first five seasons on AT&T Cable, the show was called the "$30,000 Candlepin Challenge"; it was renamed prior to its sixth season after Comcast bought AT&T Cable, though until 2008, the now-former station ID of CN8 was part of the name. Due to the closing of CN8 by Comcast, this show moved to Comcast SportsNet New England in January, 2009. At the end of that season, production ceased due to lack of money and sponsors.

• Candlepins for Kids - Southbridge Community Access Television, Southbridge, MA and surrounding towns, 2004-present

Hosted by Steve Renaud and Dan Gauthier.

Format has competition by children in three age groups: 11 and under, 12-14, and 15-18. Episodes air over Southbridge Community Access Television and online. Taped all over state of MA.

• Candlepins for Dollars - WLVI, Channel 56 - 2006

Hosted by Frank Mallicoat and Mike Morin

Also locally syndicated on 5 other stations in the New England and eastern New York State areas

Despite the similarity in name, this show was not related to the old Candlepins For Cash format; instead it was based more on the Stars and Strikes format. After WLVI's sale to Sunbeam Television in December 2006, the show was put on indefinite hiatus. In February 2007, Executive Producer Bart Maderios reclaimed the rights to his show and announced that two "major networks" were negotiating to bring the show back into production, however, no further updates have surfaced since.

References

External links

• Candlepin Gallery
• International Candlepin Bowling Association
• International Candlepin Youth Bowling Association
• Western New England Candlepin Association
• World Candlepin Bowlers Congress
• Video of a Bowl-Mor candlepin pinsetting machine in action
• Video of a Bowl-Mor pinsetter in action, with pin reracking in detail