cane

Rattan cane

Caning is a form of corporal punishment (see that article for generalities and alternatives) consisting of a number of hits (known as "strokes" or "cuts") with a flexible rattan cane, generally applied to the bare or clad buttocks (see spanking) or hand(s) (palm, rarely knuckles) or, rarely, to the shoulders or the soles of the feet (foot whipping). The size and flexibility of the cane and the number and mode of application of the strokes vary significantly.

The thin flexible cane used for punishment in the British world is not to be confused with "cane" (American English), which means a stiff, thick, rigid stick or staff used as a walking aid (British English "walking stick") or fashion accessory.

Scope of use

Caning was a common punishment in many parts of the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Europe and several European colonies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It is considered by some^[who?] to be a cruel, inhumane or degrading punishment within the meaning of the United Nations Convention Against Torture, but remains legal in numerous countries in school, judicial or military contexts.

Use in schools

The frequency and severity of canings in educational settings have varied greatly, often being determined by the written rules or unwritten traditions of the school. The western educational use of the cane dates principally to the late nineteenth century, gradually replacing birching - which is only effective if applied to the bare flesh - with a form of punishment more suitable to contemporary sensibilities, once it had been discovered that a flexible rattan cane can provide the offender with a very substantial degree of pain even when delivered through a layer of clothing.

Caning as a school punishment is strongly associated in the English-speaking world with England, but in fact it was also used in other European countries in earlier times, notably Scandinavia, Germany and the countries of the former Austrian empire.

In some schools corporal punishment was administered solely by the headmaster, but in English and Commonwealth private schools authority to punish was often also given to other staff and even certain senior students (often called prefects). By the late 20th century, however, as its use declined, it was extremely rare for a pupil to have the authority to use it.

In many secondary schools in England and Wales it was in use, primarily for boys, until the early 1980s, while elsewhere other implements prevailed, such as the Scottish tawse. In this setting it was generally administered to the clothed buttocks, typically with the student bending over a desk or chair, and usually with a maximum of six "strokes" (known as "six of the best"). Such a caning sometimes left a student with temporary weals and bruises, which was extremely painful at the time and remained uncomfortable for some days afterwards.

This kind of school punishment for boys is still quite standard in a number of formerly British territories including Singapore, Malaysia and Zimbabwe. It had also been common in Australia (banned in public schools at various points in the 1980s or 1990s, according to state; not entirely abolished in all private schools),^[1] New Zealand (banned 1990)^[2] and South Africa (banned 1997 in public and private schools alike).^[3]

In Malaysia, although the Education Ordinance 1957 specifically outlaws the caning of girls in school ^[4], the caning of girls, usually on the palm is still rather common, especially in primary schools but also occasionally in secondary schools. ^[5][6][7][8] On 28 November 2007, due to perceived increased indiscipline among female students, the National Seminar on Education Regulations (Student Discipline) passed a resolution recommending allowing the caning of female students at school.^[9] The resolution is currently in its consultation process.

The cane was also used more or less frequently on boy inmates at British youth reformatories, which were known from 1933 to 1980 as Approved Schools.

Judicial use

A display of rattan judicial canes from the Johor Bahru Prison museum, Malaysia.

Judicial caning, administered with a long, heavy rattan and generally much more severe than the canings given in schools, was/is a feature of some British colonial judicial systems, even though the cane was never used judicially in Britain itself (the preferred implements there, until abolition in 1948, being the birch and the cat-o'-nine-tails). In some countries caning is still in use in the post-independence era, particularly in Southeast Asia (where it is now being used far more than it was under British rule), and in some African countries. The practice is retained in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. Caning in Indonesia is a recent introduction: in the special case of Aceh, on Sumatra, which since its 2005 autonomy has introduced a form of sharia law, applying the cane to the clothed upper back of the offender.

African countries still using judicial caning include Botswana, Tanzania, Nigeria and for juvenile offenders, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Other countries that used it until the late 20th century included Kenya, Uganda and South Africa, while some Caribbean countries such as Trinidad and Tobago use birching, another punishment in the British tradition, involving the use of a bundle of branches, not a single cane.

In Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei, healthy males under 50 years of age can be sentenced to a maximum of 24 strokes of the rotan (rattan) cane on the bare buttocks; the punishment is mandatory for many offenses, mostly violent or drug crimes, but also immigration violations, sexual offences and (in Singapore) acts of vandalism. It is also imposed for certain breaches of prison rules. The punishment is applied to foreigners and locals alike.

Two examples of the caning of foreigners which received world media scrutiny are the canings in Singapore in 1994 of Michael P. Fay, an American student who had vandalised several automobiles, and in the United Arab Emirates in 1996 of Sarah Balabagan, a Filipina maid convicted of homicide.

Caning is also used in the Singapore military, mainly to discipline recalcitrant young conscripts. Unlike judicial caning, this punishment is delivered to the soldier's clothed buttocks.

Voluntary use

Caning is also a more severe but not uncommon sadomasochistic practice. In nineteenth century France it was dubbed "The English Vice", as it was believed that the English, in particular, derived sexual pleasure from corporal punishment, probably because of its widespread use in British schools. This term is still in occasional use.

'Night of the Cane', a national celebration of the art of caning is held each year in East London.

Cane types and terminology

Canes can be manufactured for disciplinary purpose in different sizes and weights, determining the potential severity of the punishment. The main types are often known by the age groups of intended victims, especially in the domestic context:

'Light' canes (about 8 mm in diameter and 60 cm long, according to some sources) are called junior canes, normally considered sufficient to punish young school children (except sometimes for the gravest offenses), and hence also known as school cane. However, in America, where the paddle took the place of the cane for discipline, the name junior cane was rather given to a ceremonial walking stick students parade with.

These terms are commonly used with reference to canes and caning:

• The term nursery cane is sometimes used for the lightest cane, as it would be used for children under school age
• The senior cane is a heavier type (about 10 mm thick, 75-80 cm long) than the junior cane and is frequently used for older children (or except for the lightest offenses); maybe synonymous is the adult cane.
• The reformatory cane was reserved for the worst, '(otherwise) incorrigible' juveniles. About 12 mm thick and 90-120 cm long, it was often reserved for older inmates and was used in severe cases; a similar term is Borstal cane (after the Borstal, a Commonwealth type of reformatory).
• The Singapore cane, used in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei for the judicial and prison punishment of adult criminals, is half an inch in diameter and 4 ft (1.2 m) long, and can cause deep wounds and permanent scars if a large number of strokes is inflicted.
• Nowadays, the Acrylic and/or Delrin cane is often preferred by those interested in sadomasochism due to the ease of sanitizing them, especially if the implement is to be used on more than one person. Wooden rattan canes may retain germs and cleansing wood with cleaning substances such as Clorox wipes or simple household glass cleaner will destroy the wood. However, Acrylic & Delrin canes are easily sanitized with these cleansers, thereby removing germs and without the worry of ruining the implement.

The different varieties of rattan used are sometimes preferred because of their intrinsic severity. Of these, the common kooboo is considered lighter (if the same size) than the denser Dragon Canes; other common types bear geographical names such as Malacca (a peninsular Malaysian state) and Palembang (a city on Sumatra, Indonesia). These esoteric distinctions may be of interest to connoisseurs, but they are not something the average schoolmaster would have been concerned with.

In some spheres the cane, which is typically used by a certain disciplinarian, might be called after him. Thus in the Royal Navy the bosun's cane was frequently used on the backsides of boys without ceremony (as opposed to publicly 'kissing the gunner's daughter', a formal bare bottom flogging on deck ordered by the captain or a court martial, usually involving birch or cat o' nine tails) on the spot or in the gun room, for daily offenses considered too insignificant to require written formalities or orders from an officer (who certainly could and routinely also did order the cane, actually wielding it was considered unsuitable for a gentleman), but more severe than the bimmy. The cane in the hands of a corporal (especially of the Marines on board many fighting ships, often ordered to carry out formal punishment of crew members as well) was called stonnacky. In an attempt to standardize the canes (but the effective wielding is impossible to capture in written rules) the Admiralty had specimens according to all prevailing prescriptions, called patterned cane (and birch), kept in every major dockyard.

In ancient China, suspects or criminals were often caned, as punishment or interrogation, with large sticks or planks the size of an oar suited for today's small sailing boats. The victim usually bleeds from the wound at the buttocks, can get infections if not treated instantly and generally must spend days in bed.^{[citation needed]}

• Other, even lighter types of cane (e.g. as used for plant care) can also be used for physical discipline, especially in fetishist circles; in fact the term caning is also used, sometimes even instead of an existing specific term, for corporal punishment with an else-named but similar device, such as a pointing stick or ruler, especially if made of wood. However, contrary to myth, bamboo is unsuitable, as it is too brittle and rigid, and easily breaks.

• While the rattan never caught on in North America (except in Boston public schools), the rather equivalent hickory stick (made from the native hickory tree) has also been a frequent, feared implement for school discipline, but like the freshly cut, flexible switch and other alternatives it gave way in the US almost exclusively (that is where corporal punishment persists) to paddling with a flat wooden implement.

Effects

Caning with a heavy judicial rattan of the Singapore/Malaysia kind can leave scars for years, at any rate where a large number of strokes are inflicted. However, this should not be confused with an ordinary caning with a typical light rattan (as formerly in English schools), which, although very painful at the time, would leave only superficial weals lasting a few days.

Famous men who have referred to getting the cane when they were younger

• Stuart Abbott, (born 1978) England Rugby player, in newspaper interview.^[10].
• Peter Andre, (born 1973) in his autobiography.
• Tony Blair, (born 1953) Former British Prime Minister, Fettes College, in newspaper article.^[11].
• Roald Dahl, (born 1916) devoted a whole chapter to this experience in his autobiography Boy.
• Howard Donald, (born 1968) in Take That's first annual.
• George Orwell, (born 1903) in Such, Such Were the Joys.
• Kevin Pietersen, (born 1980) in his autobiography entitled "Crossing the Boundary".
• Shane Warne, (born 1969) in television interview with Michael Parkinson.^[12].
• T. H. White, (born 1906) in his diaries.

See also

• Spanking
• Birching
• Caning in Malaysia
• Caning in Singapore
• Flagellation
• Paddle (spanking)

Notes

References

• Gibson, Ian (1978). The English vice: beating, sex, and shame in Victorian England and after. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-1264-6. 
• Hardy, Janet. The Toybag Guide to Canes and Caning (Toybag Guide). Greenery Press (CA). ISBN 1-890159-56-5. 

External links

• Video of Judicial caning in Malaysia on Liveleak (warning - graphic violence)