clerk

Clerk, the vocational title, commonly refers to a white-collar worker who conducts general office or, in some instances, sales tasks. The responsibilities of clerical workers commonly include record keeping, filing, staffing service counters and other administrative tasks.^[1] In American English, this includes shop staff, but in British English, such people are known as shop assistants and are not considered to be clerks. Also, the pronunciation is different: /klɑː(ɹ)k/ ('clark'/'clahk') in most British English dialects, but /klɝk/ ('clurk') in American English.

History

The word clerk, derived from the Latin clericus meaning 'cleric', i.e. clergyman (Latin was the foremost language used at most early medieval courts, writing mainly entrusted to clergy as most laymen couldn't read), can denote someone who works in an office and whose duties include record-keeping or correspondence. The word entered English from Scots Gaelic clèireach also derived from Latin clericus, which in turn derived from Greek κληρικός (klerikos) "of the clergy"^[2][3].

In a medieval context, the word meant "Scholar" and still related to the word "cleric". Even today, the term Clerk regular designates a type of regular clerics. The cognate terms in some languages, e.g. Klerk in Dutch, became restricted to a specific, fairly low rank in the administrative hierarchy.

United States

Clerical workers are perhaps the largest occupational group in the United States. In 2004 there were 3.1 million general office clerks,^[4] 1.5 million office administrative supervisors and 4.1 million secretaries.^[5] Clerical occupations often do not require a college degree, though some college education or 1 to 2 years in vocational programs are common qualifications. Familiarity with office equipment and certain software programs is also often required. Employers may provide clerical training.^[6] The median salary for clerks is $23,000, while the national median income for workers age 25 or older is $33,000.^[7] Median salaries ranged from $22,770 for general office clerks to $34,970 for secretaries and $41,030 for administrative supervisors. Clerical workers are considered working class by American sociologists such as William Thompson, Joseph Hickey or James Henslin as they perform highly routinized tasks with relatively little autonomy.^[8] Sociologist Dennis Gilbert, argues that the white and blue collar divide has shifted to a divide between professionals, including some semi-professionals, and routinized white collar workers.^[9] White collar office supervisors may be considered lower middle class with some secretaries being located in that part of the socio-economic strata where the working and middle classes overlap.

Traditionally clerical positions have been held almost exclusively by women. Even today, the vast majority of clerical workers in the US continue to be female. As with other pre-dominantly female positions, clerical occupations were, and to some extent continue to be, assigned relatively low prestige on a sexist basis.^[10] The term pink collar worker is often used to describe predominantly female white collar positions.

Clerical Workers and Unions

Due to the majority of clerical positions being held by women, the sector is largely un-unionized. ^[11]With the decline of the industrial sector and the rise of white-collar jobs, the labor movement needed to tap into this large pool of potential members in order to sustain the movement. Much debate exists as to what strategies to adopt when organizing female clerical workers. Some claim that focusing on gender sensitive issues would be the most effective route, since women tend to shy away from the male-dominated unions.^[12] Others argue that women are just as militant as men when it comes to getting grievances heard, such as the willingness of female employees of a Wisconsin insurance company to fight against management’s discriminatory practices. ^[13] Still others contend that the problem does not lie with the tactics used to “sell” the union to the workers, but in developing “leadership from among the workers and train[ing] them to organize their fellow workers.”^[14]

Functions and titles

Various functions or offices, generally of such 'clerical' nature, include the word and an indication of the task and/or employer, that is lower in position. For example:

• City clerk
• Clerk of the Peace
• Clerk of the Closet and Deputy Clerk of the Closet
• Clerk of the Green Cloth
• County clerk
• Court clerk, e.g., Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States
• Data entry clerk
• Law clerk
• Clerk (choral) the name given to adult members of the choir at certain Colleges at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Clerks Choral is also the name given to the adult members of professional choirs in a number of Cathedrals and Collegiate Churches in Great Britain and Ireland.
• Patent clerk
• Pit Clerk
• Clerk of Works, the highly qualified non-commissioned tradesmen in the Royal Engineers.
• Clerk of the Works, a person employed by the client on the site of a building construction project to represent his interests.
• Clerk of the Privy Council, the senior civil servant in the Canadian federal government and Secretary to the Canadian Cabinet.
• Ward clerk, one who works in a hospital ward

However in large offices and organizations which require an administrative hierarchy, some titles simply indicate the relative rank of certain clerical positions, e.g. Head Clerk, Junior Clerk, Clerk, Senior Clerk, Principal Clerk, Senior Principal Clerk, Chief Clerk, Senior Chief Clerk, Executive Clerk, Senior Executive Clerk, Principal Executive Clerk.

Alternatively (in American English) a clerk is a person who sells items in a store or performs services at a desk, e.g.

• sales clerk (as in grocery sales)
• deli clerk
• hotel front desk clerk
• service desk clerk
• cash register clerk

The surnames Clark, Clarke, Clerk, Clerke are derived from this occupation.

See also

• White collar
• Pink collar
• Secretary
• American working class
• Social class in the United States
• Clerk (Quaker)

References

1. ^ "Meriam Webster, definition of clerical worker". http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/clerk. Retrieved on 2007-06-07. 
2. ^ Clerk, Online Etymology Dictionary
3. ^ Klerikos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
4. ^ "US Department of Labor, General office clerks". http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos130.htm. Retrieved on 2007-06-07. 
5. ^ "US Department of Labor, Secretaries and administrative assistants". http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos151.htm#emply. Retrieved on 2006-06-07. 
6. ^ "US Department of Labor, training of secretaries". http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos151.htm#training. Retrieved on 2007-06-07. 
7. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau, personal income distribution, age 25+, 2006". http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_001.htm. Retrieved on 2007-06-07. 
8. ^ Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X. 
9. ^ Gilbert, Dennis (1998). The American Class Structure. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-50520-1. 
10. ^ Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer, Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-36674-0. 
11. ^ Hurd 1993, p. 316
12. ^ Hurd, Richard. "Organizing and Representing Clerical Workers." Women and Unions: Forging a Partnership. Ed. Dorothy Sue Cobble. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1993. p. 318.
13. ^ Hurd 1993, p. 318
14. ^ Govea, Jessica. "Comments." Women and Unions: Forging a Partnership. Ed. Dorothy Sue Cobble. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1993. p. 342.