continental climate

Regions containing a continental climate exist in portions of Northern Hemisphere continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world. This climate is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of stable snow cover each year, and relatively moderate precipitation occurring mostly in summer, although east coast areas (chiefly in North America) may show an even distribution of precipitation. Only a few areas in Iran, adjacent Turkey and Central Asia show a winter maximum in precipitation, which typically melts in early spring to give short-lived floods.

These regions generally have either forest or tall-grass prairie as natural ground cover and include some of the most productive farmlands in the world. All such climates have at least three months of temperatures in excess of 10 °C (50 °F) and winters with at least one month below 0 °C (32 °F) (although some classifications have a lower threshold for winter based on snow cover, in the Köppen climate classification −3 °C (26.6 °F) is used).

In this climate zone, average summer temperatures are between 21 °C (70 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F) during the day and 10 °C (50 °F) and 18 °C (65 °F) at night. Average winter temperatures are between −12 °C (10 °F) and 7 °C (45 °F) during the day and −23 °C (−10 °F) and −4 °C (25 °F) at night. Spring-like temperatures occur in this zone between early March in the southern parts of this zone to mid April in the far northern fringes of this climate zone. Annual precipitation in this zone is usually between  inches ( mm) to  inches ( mm), most of it in the form of snow during winter.

Most such areas fit Köppen classifications of Dfa, Dwa (cold winters, hot summers; "w" indicating very dry winters characteristic especially of China) or Dfb or Dwb (cold winters, warm summers, same distinction for winter dryness).

Continental climates exist where cold air masses infiltrate during the winter and warm air masses form in summer under conditions of high sun and long days. Places with continental climates are as a rule either far from any moderating effects of oceans (example: Omaha, Nebraska, USA) or are so situated (example: Boston, Massachusetts, USA) that prevailing winds tend to head offshore. Such regions get quite warm in the summer, achieving temperatures characteristic of tropical climates but are much colder than any other climates of similar latitude in the winter.

These climates grade off toward subtropical climates equator-ward where winters are less severe and semiarid climates where precipitation becomes inadequate for tall-grass prairies. In Europe these climates may grade off into oceanic climates in which the influence of moderating air masses is more marked toward the west. The subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc), with very cold, long and dry winters, but with at least one month above 10 °C (50 °F), might be considered a sub-type of the continental climate.

The Midwestern United States, northeastern parts of the U.S, southern Canada, parts of China, South Korea, and most of Russia are examples of areas of the world with continental climates, which do not exist at all in the Southern Hemisphere due to the lack of broad land masses at middle latitudes, the southernmost parts of Africa and Australia being under marine influences and southern South America being too narrow in breadth to allow air masses as cold as those in corresponding latitudes in North America and Asia to form in the winter. Antarctica, of course, lies completely outside the middle latitudes.

See also

• Microthermal climate
• Hemiboreal climate
• Subarctic climate
• Humid continental climate
• Oceanic climate
• Mediterranean climate

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