controversy

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Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate usually concerning a matter of opinion. The term originates circa 1384 from Latin controversia, as a composite of controversus - "turned in an opposite direction," from contra - "against" - and vertere - to turn, or versus (see verse), hence, "to turn against."

Benford's law of controversy, as expressed by science-fiction author Gregory Benford in 1980, states: "Passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real (true) information available." In other words, the more untruths the more controversy there is, and the more truths the less controversy there is.

A controversy is always the result of either ignorance (lack of sufficient true information), misinformation, misunderstandings, half-truths, distortions, bias or prejudice, deliberate lies or fabrications (disinformation), opposed underlying motives or purposes (sometimes masked or hidden), or a combination of these factors.^{[original research?]}

There is often controversy about a significantly different new idea, subject, group or person for a period of time, until honest direct examination of sufficient factual evidence results in widespread agreement on the truths of the matter. Examples: disease is often caused by bacteria or viruses, rather than evil spirits or bad blood; blood is circulated around the body, rather than ebbing and flowing; Earth revolves around the sun, rather than being the center of the universe; Earth is a sphere, rather than flat.

Religion today is considered controversial by many atheists and non-theists around the world.

Neither “reliable sources” nor “multiple reports” are dependable ways to resolve any controversy, because for centuries, opponents in military and industrial espionage, politics, religion, public relations, and national economies, have used multiple reports and reliable sources of information to manipulate people in war, business, elections, beliefs, public opinion and financial markets – using disinformation or Black propaganda planted secretly or underhandedly, or passed on unwittingly, through double-agents, con men, radio broadcasts, news media, authoritative writings and other means, including gossip and the internet in modern times.

Courts of law have long recognized this fact. (See further discussion regarding law below.) Thus, decent and fair courts don’t allow 2nd-hand hearsay evidence (“I heard John say that he heard Mary say so and so”), and require opinion to be clearly labeled as opinion not fact, and instruct juries to base their findings more on hard evidence (like DNA tests and crime scene re-enactments) than on testimony alone, since multiple witnesses can give the same flawed ideas or perceptions, or the same intentional lies and distortions.

Reliance on 2nd-hand and 3rd-hand reports, allegations and opinions from “reliable sources” and “multiple reports” – rather than one’s own 1st-hand examination of physical evidence, original writings, and other fully verified facts – is thus prone to drawing wrong conclusions, continuing controversy, and further spreading misinformation and prejudice, as occurred in Nazi Germany regarding Jews, Gypsies and even Catholics.

If one really wants to know the facts of a matter, it’s necessary to make your own observations of hard facts and physical demonstrations, plus direct and preferably in-person experience and communication with the individual(s) or group(s) in question, and their own original writings and documents, rather than secondary or later reports, opinions, interpretations or offshoots.

Perennial areas of controversy include religion, philosophy and politics. Other minor areas of controversy may include economics, science, finances, and race. Controversy in matters of theology has traditionally been particularly heated, giving rise to the phrase odium theologicum. Controversial issues are held as potentially divisive in a given society, because they can lead to tension and ill will. Because of this, some controversies are considered taboo to discuss in public among other people, unless people are either mature enough or can find a common ground to share and discuss its people's feelings, and one's own direct observations and experiences on a controversial issue.

In law

In the theory of law, a controversy differs from a legal case; while legal cases include all suits, criminal as well as civil, a controversy is a purely civil proceeding.

For example, the Case or Controversy Clause of Article Three of the United States Constitution (Section 2, Clause 1) states that "the judicial Power shall extend ... to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party". This clause has been deemed to impose a requirement that United States federal courts are not permitted to hear cases that do not pose an actual controversy—that is, an actual dispute between adverse parties which is capable of being resolved by the court. In addition to setting out the scope of the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary, it also prohibits courts from issuing advisory opinions, or from hearing cases that are either unripe, meaning that the controversy has not arisen yet, or moot, meaning that the controversy has already been resolved.

In early Christianity

Many of the early Christian writers, among them Irenaeus, Athanasius, and Jerome, were famed as "controversialists"; they wrote works against perceived heresy or heretical individuals, works whose titles begin "Adversus..." such as Irenaeus' Adversus haereses. The Christian writers inherited from the classical rhetors the conviction that controversial confrontations, even over trivial matters, were a demonstration of intellectual superiority. See Christian theological controversy.

External links

Look up controversy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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