deCODE genetics, Inc. (Icelandic: Íslensk erfðagreining) NASDAQ: DCGN is a biopharmaceutical company based in Reykjavík, Iceland. The company was founded in 1996 to identify human genes associated with common diseases using population studies, and apply the knowledge gained to guide the development of candidate drugs. So far the company has isolated genes believed to be involved in cardiovascular disease, cancer and schizophrenia, among other diseases (the company's research concerning the latter is said to represent the first time a gene has been identified by two independent studies to be associated with schizophrenia[1][citation needed] ).
deCODE's approach to identifying genes, and in particular its attempt to set up an Icelandic Health Sector Database (HSD) containing the medical records and genealogical and genetic data of all Icelanders, has been very controversial, and prompted national and international criticism for its approach to the concepts of privacy and consent [1] A legal judgement from the Icelandic Supreme Court in November 2003 effectively killed off the HSD project [2]. However, the company believes it can continue to identify disease-related genes without such a database[2]
The company was removed from the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index, effective with the market open on Monday, November 24, 2008[3] On November 2009 a press release announced that the company had filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy in a US court, listing total assets of $69.9 million and a debt of $313.9 million. According to the American law deCODE will continue its operations. [4]
deCODEme
As a step toward the personal genome, the company has announced that its deCODEme service is available for $985 to anyone who wishes to send a cheek swab to learn details about disease risk and ancestry. This service was launched in November 2007 and thereby became the first web-based service to offer a comprehensive genome scan and an online analysis of an individual's DNA. More than one million single nucleotide polymorphisms are included in the scan[3][4]. deCODEme claims that the DNA profile it provides can supply its customers with a basis from which they are able calculate the relative risk of developing these diseases and thereby enable them to make better informed decisions about prevention (medical) and treatment. The deCODEme service currently includes information on the genetic susceptibility to close to 45 common diseases such as myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, several types of cancers and type-2 diabetes as well as providing insights into distant ancestry and geographical origins.
SEC filing
deCODE's most recent 10-K SEC filing reveals that their net losses to date are in excess of 530 million dollars, and that they have never turned a profit[5]:
If we continue to incur operating losses longer than anticipated, or in amounts greater than anticipated, we may be unable to continue our operations. We incurred a net loss of $85.5 million, $62.8 million and $57.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, and had an accumulated deficit of $535.7 million at December 31, 2006. We have never generated a profit and we have not generated revenues except for payments received in connection with our research and development collaborations with Roche, Merck and others, from contract services, from sales of Emerald BioSystems products and instruments, and grant funding. Our research and development expenditures and selling, general and administrative costs have exceeded our revenue to date, and we expect to spend significant additional amounts to fund research and development in order to enhance our core technologies and undertake product development (including drug development and related clinical trials). We do not expect to receive royalties or other revenues from commercial sales of products developed using our technology in the near term. It may be several years before product revenues materialize, if they do at all. As a result, we expect to incur net losses for several years. If the time required to generate product revenues and achieve profitability is longer than we currently anticipate, or if the level of losses is greater than we currently anticipate, we may not be able to continue our operations.
The same SEC filing indicates that deCODE is involved in a lawsuit against former employees for computer fraud and disclosure of confidential information.
If we are not successful in our pending litigation regarding misappropriation of trade secrets and breach of related non-competition, non-solicitation and non-disclosure agreements, our ability to protect our confidential information and to enforce non-competition and non-solicitation agreements against former employees may be impaired, which could adversely affect our business and prospects. On August 4, 2006 we commenced an action in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania against five former employees for misappropriation of our trade secrets and intellectual property, related breach of non-competition, non-solicitation, and non-disclosure provisions of their employment agreements, and violation of the federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in connection with their employment by The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). It is possible that a judgment against us with respect to our allegations of trade secret misappropriation may negatively affect our ability to protect some of what we consider to be our confidential information under the law of trade secrets. Also, it is possible that a judgment against us with respect to the non-competition, non-solicitation, or non-disclosure agreements with the individual defendants (1) would allow the defendants to engage in competition with us, (2) may cause other current or former employees to test the validity of their non-competition, non-solicitation, and non-disclosure agreements when they might otherwise have refrained from doing so, or (3) may cause other institutions besides CHOP to hire our current or former employees when they might otherwise have refrained from doing so. Any of these events could impair our ability to compete for collaborative arrangements, for access to DNA samples or for product or technology licensing arrangements and ultimately could adversely affect our ability to develop and market products.
See also
- Genomics
- Kári Stefánsson (co-founder and CEO of deCODE)
- 23andMe, a company offering a service similar to deCODEme
- Navigenics, a company offering a service similar to deCODEme
- Bioresolve, a company offering a service similar to deCODEme
- DNA Tribes, a company offering a service similar to deCODEme for genetic ancestry
References
- ^ Stefansson H, Sarginson J, Kong A, et al. (January 2003). "Association of neuregulin 1 with schizophrenia confirmed in a Scottish population". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (1): 83–7. PMID 12478479. PMC 420015. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)60506-0.
- ^ McKie, Robin (2004-05-16). "Icelandic DNA project hit by privacy storm". The Observer International. Guardian Unlimite. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1217842,00.html. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
- ^ Lee, Wayne (2008-11-14). "Semi-Annual Changes to the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index". Press Release. NASDAQ Newsroom. http://www.nasdaq.com/newsroom/news/newsroomnewsStory.aspx?textpath=pr2008\ACQPMZ200811142002PRIMZONEFULLFEED154749.htm&cdtime=11%2f14%2f2008%20+8%3a02PM&title=Semi-Annual%20Changes%20to%20the%20NASDAQ%20Biotechnology%20Index. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
- ^ "deCODE Genetics declare bankruptcy, will sell core business to US investors". scienceblogs.com. http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2009/11/decode_genetics_finally_goes_u.php.
- ^ "deCODE genetics, SEC Edgar 10-K, 12-31-2006". http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1022974/000110465907019321/a07-5795_110k.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
Further reading
Publications by deCODE genetics as first author or through its numerous collaborations.
- Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF. et al. (2009). "Genome-wide association and replication studies identify four variants associated with prostate cancer susceptibility". Nat Genet 41: 1122-1126. PMID 19767754.
- Wu X, Ye Y, Kiemeney LA. et al. (2009). "Genetic variation in the prostate stem cell antigen gene PSCA confers susceptibility to urinary bladder cancer". Nat Genet 41 (9): 991-5. PMID 19648920.
- Stefansson H, Ophoff RA, Steinberg S. et al. (2009). "Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia". Nature 460 (7256): 744-7. PMID 19571808.
- Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Gretarsdottir S. et al. (2009). "A sequence variant in ZFHX3 on 16q22 associates with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke". Nat Genet 41 (8): 876-8. PMID 19597491.
- Stacey SN, Sulem P, Masson G. et al. (2009). "New common variants affecting susceptibility to basal cell carcinoma". Nat Genet 41 (8): 909-14. PMID 19578363.
- Thorleifsson G, Holm H, Edvardsson V. et al. (2009). "Sequence variants in the CLDN14 gene associate with kidney stones and bone mineral density". Nat Genet 41 (8): 926-30. PMID 19561606.
- Choquet H, Cavalcanti-Proença C, Lecoeur C. et al. (2009). "The T-381C SNP in BNP gene may be modestly associated with type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis in 49 279 subjects". Hum Mol Genet 18 (13): 2495-501. PMID 19377085.
- Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Randall JC. et al. (2009). "Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three Loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution". PLoS Genet 5 (6): e1000508. PMID 19557161.
- Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Rafnar T. et al. (2009). "Genome-wide association study identifies sequence variants on 6q21 associated with age at menarche". Nat Genet 41 (5): 734-738. PMID 19448622.
- Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF. et al. (2009). "Common variants on 9q22 33 and 14q13 3 predispose to thyroid cancer in European populations". Nat Genet 41 (4): 460-4. PMID 19198613.
- Gudbjartsson DF, Bjornsdottir US, Halapi E. et al. (2009). "Sequence variants affecting eosinophil numbers associate with asthma and myocardial infarction". Nat Genet 41 (3): 342-7. PMID 19198610.
- Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium (2009). "Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants". Nat Genet 41 (3): 334-41. PMID 19198609.
- Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Petursson H. et al. (2009). "Variant in the sequence of the LINGO1 gene confers risk of essential tremor". Nat Genet 41 (3): 277-9. PMID 19182806.
- Singh J, Zeller W, Zhou N. et al. (2009). "Antagonists of the EP(3) Receptor for Prostaglandin E(2) Are Novel Antiplatelet Agents That Do Not Prolong Bleeding". ACS Chem Biol 4 (2): 115-126. PMID 19193156.
- Rafnar T, Sulem P, Stacey SN. et al. (2009). "Sequence variants at the TERT-CLPTM1L locus associate with many cancer types". Nat Genet 41 (2): 221-7. PMID 19151717.
- Prokopenko I, Langenberg C, Florez JC. et al. (2009). "Variants in MTNR1B influence fasting glucose levels". Nat Genet 41 (1): 77-81. PMID 19060907.
- Styrkarsdottir U, Halldorsson BV, Gretarsdottir S. et al. (2009). "New sequence variants associated with bone mineral density". Nat Genet 41 (1): 15-17. PMID 19079262.
- Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Gudbjartsson DF. et al. (2009). "Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity". Nat Genet 41 (1): 18-24. PMID 19079260.
- Helgason A, Lalueza-Fox C, Ghosh S. et al. (2009). "Sequences from first settlers reveal rapid evolution in Icelandic mtDNA pool". PLoS Genet 5 (1): e1000343. PMID 19148284.
- Thorgeirsson TE, Stefansson K. (2008). "Genetics of smoking behavior and its consequences: the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors". Biol Psychiatry 64 (11): 919-21. PMID 19000575.
- Kiemeney LA, Thorlacius S, Sulem P. et al. (2008). "Sequence variant on 8q24 confers susceptibility to urinary bladder cancer". Nat Genet 40 (11): 1307-12. PMID 18794855.
- Stacey SN, Gudbjartsson DF, Sulem P. et al. (2008). "Common variants on 1p36 and 1q42 are associated with cutaneous basal cell carcinoma but not with melanoma or pigmentation traits". Nat Genet 40 (11): 1313-8. PMID 18849993.
- Richards JB, Yuan X, Geller F. et al. (2008). "Male-pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11". Nat Genet 40 (11): 1282-4. PMID 18849991.
- Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A. et al. (2008). "Risk variants for atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25 associate with ischemic stroke". Ann Neurol 64 (4): 402-9. PMID 18991354.
- Stefansson H, Rujescu D, Cichon S. et al. (2008). "Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia". Nature 455 (7210): 232-6. PMID 18668039.
- Kong A, Masson G, Frigge ML. et al. (2008). "Detection of sharing by descent, long-range phasing and haplotype imputation". Nat Genet 40 (9): 1068-75. PMID 19165921.
- Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Stacey SN. et al. (2008). "Two newly identified genetic determinants of pigmentation in Europeans". Nat Genet 40 (7): 835-7. PMID 18488028.
- Gudbjartsson DF, Sulem P, Stacey SN. et al. (2008). "ASIP and TYR pigmentation variants associate with cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma". Nat Genet 40 (7): 886-91. PMID 18488027.
- Stacey SN, Manolescu A, Sulem P. et al. (2008). "Common variants on chromosome 5p12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer". Nat Genet 40 (6): 703-6. PMID 18438407.
- Styrkarsdottir U, Halldorsson BV, Gretarsdottir S. et al. (2008). "Multiple genetic loci for bone mineral density and fractures". N Engl J Med 358 (22): 2355-65. PMID 18445777.
- Zeggini E, Scott LJ, Saxena R. et al. (2008). "Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data and large-scale replication identifies additional susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes". Nat Genet 40 (5): 638-45. PMID 18372903.
- Gudbjartsson DF, Walters GB, Thorleifsson G. et al. (2008). "Many sequence variants affecting diversity of adult human height". Nat Genet 40 (5): 609-15. PMID 18391951.
- Goldstein AM, Stacey SN, Olafsson JH. et al. (2008). "CDKN2A mutations and melanoma risk in the Icelandic population". J Med Genet 45 (5): 284-9. PMID 18178632.
- Thorgeirsson TE, Geller F, Sulem P. et al. (2008). "A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease". Nature 452 (7187): 638-42. PMID 18385739.
- Lasky-Su J, Lyon HN, Emilsson V. et al. (2008). "On the replication of genetic associations: timing can be everything!". Am J Hum Genet 82 (4): 849-58. PMID 18387595.
- Emilsson V, Thorleifsson G, Zhang B. et al. (2008). "Genetics of gene expression and its effect on disease". Nature 452 (7186): 423-8. PMID 18344981.
- Kong A, Thorleifsson G, Stefansson H. et al. (2008). "Sequence variants in the RNF212 gene associate with genome-wide recombination rate". Science 319 (5868): 1398-401. PMID 18239089.
- Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Rafnar T. et al. (2008). "Common sequence variants on 2p15 and Xp11 22 confer susceptibility to prostate cancer". Nat Genet 40 (3): 281-3. PMID 18264098.
- Helgason A, Palsson S, Gudbjartsson DF. et al. (2008). "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples". Science 319 (5864): 813-6. PMID 18258915.
- Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Magnusson KP. et al. (2008). "The same sequence variant on 9p21 associates with myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm and intracranial aneurysm". Nat Genet 40 (2): 217-24. PMID 18176561.
- Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Stacey SN. et al. (2007). "Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans". Nat Genet 39 (12): 1443-52. PMID 17952075.
- Kostulas K, Gretarsdottir S, Kostulas V. et al. (2007). "PDE4D and ALOX5AP genetic variants and risk for Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease in Sweden". J Neurol Sci 263 (38383): 113-7. PMID 17655870.
- Thorleifsson G, Magnusson KP, Sulem P. et al. (2007). "Common sequence variants in the LOXL1 gene confer susceptibility to exfoliation glaucoma". Science 317 (5843): 1397-400. PMID 17690259.
- Ingason A, Sigmundsson T, Steinberg S. et al. (2007). "Support for involvement of the AHI1 locus in schizophrenia". Eur J Hum Genet 15 (9): 988-91. PMID 17473831.
- Stefansson H, Rye DB, Hicks A. et al. (2007). "A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep". N Engl J Med 357 (7): 639-47. PMID 17634447.
- Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Steinthorsdottir V. et al. (2007). "Two variants on chromosome 17 confer prostate cancer risk, and the one in TCF2 protects against type 2 diabetes". Nat Genet 39 (8): 977-83. PMID 17603485.
- Gudbjartsson DF, Arnar DO, Helgadottir A. et al. (2007). "Variants conferring risk of atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25 Nature 2007". Nature 448 (7151): 353-7. PMID 17603472.
- Helgason A, Palsson S, Lalueza-Fox C. et al. (2007). "A statistical approach to identify ancient template DNA". J Mol Evol 65 (1): 92-102. PMID 17593420.
- Stacey SN, Manolescu A, Sulem P. et al. (2007). "Common variants on chromosomes 2q35 and 16q12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer". Nat Genet 39 (7): 865-9. PMID 17529974.
- Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A. et al. (2007). "A common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of myocardial infarction". Science 316 (5830): 1491-3. PMID 17478679.
- Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir I. et al. (2007). "A variant in CDKAL1 influences insulin response and risk of type 2 diabetes". Nat Genet 39 (6): 770-5. PMID 17460697.
- Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Manolescu A. et al. (2007). "Genome-wide association study identifies a second prostate cancer susceptibility variant at 8q24". Nat Genet 39 (5): 631-7. PMID 17401366.
- Lyon HN, Emilsson V, Hinney A. et al. (2007). "The association of a SNP upstream of INSIG2 with body mass index is reproduced in several but not all cohorts". PLoS Genet 3 (4): e61. PMID 17465681.
- Bjarnadottir M, Misner DL, Haverfield-Gross S. et al. (2007). "Neuregulin1 (NRG1) signaling through Fyn modulates NMDA receptor phosphorylation: differential synaptic function in NRG1+/- knock-outs compared with wild-type mice". J Neurosci 27 (17): 4519-29. PMID 17460065.
- Helgason A, Palsson S, Thorleifsson G. et al. (2007). "Refining the impact of TCF7L2 gene variants on type 2 diabetes and adaptive evolution". Nat Genet 39 (2): 218-25. PMID 17206141.
- Stacey SN, Sulem P, Johannsson OT. et al. (2006). "The BARD1 Cys557Ser variant and breast cancer risk in Iceland". PLoS Med 3 (7): e217. PMID 16768547.
- Amundadottir LT, Sulem P, Gudmundsson J. et al. (2006). "A common variant associated with prostate cancer in European and African populations". Nat Genet 38 (6): 652-8. PMID 16682969.
- Helgason A, Palsson G, Pedersen HS. et al. (2006). "mtDNA variation in Inuit populations of Greenland and Canada: migration history and population structure". Am J Phys Anthropol 130 (1): 123-34. PMID 16353217.
- Grant SF, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir I. et al. (2006). "Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes". Nat Genet 38 (3): 320-3. PMID 16415884.
- Sainz J, Rovensky P, Gudjonsson SA. et al. (2006). "Segmental duplication density decrease with distance to human-mouse breaks of synteny". Eur J Hum Genet 14 (2): 216-21. PMID 16306878.
- Bergthorsson JT, Agnarsson BA, Gudbjartsson T. et al. (2006). "A genome-wide study of allelic imbalance in human testicular germ cell tumors using microsatellite markers". Cancer Genet Cytogenet 164 (1): 1-9. PMID 16364756.
- Gulcher J, Stefansson K. (2006). "Positional cloning: complex cardiovascular traits". Methods Mol Med (128): 137-52. PMID 17071994.
- Helgadottir A, Manolescu A, Helgason A. et al. (2006). "A variant of the gene encoding leukotriene A4 hydrolase confers ethnicity-specific risk of myocardial infarction". Nat Genet 38 (1): 68-74. PMID 16282974.
- Magnusson KP, Duan S, Sigurdsson H. et al. (2006). "CFH Y402H confers similar risk of soft drusen and both forms of advanced AMD". PLoS Med 3 (1): e5. PMID 16300415.
- Hakonarson H, Bjornsdottir US, Halapi E. et al. (2005). "Profiling of genes expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells predicts glucocorticoid sensitivity in asthma patients". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (41): 14789-94. PMID 16203992.
- Karason A, Gudjonsson JE, Jonsson HH. et al. (2005). "Genetics of psoriasis in Iceland: evidence for linkage of subphenotypes to distinct Loci". J Invest Dermatol 124 (6): 1177-85. PMID 15955092.
- Hakonarson H, Thorvaldsson S, Helgadottir A. et al. (2005). "Effects of a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor on biomarkers associated with risk of myocardial infarction: a randomized trial". JAMA 193 (18): 2245-56. PMID 15886380.
- Gulcher JR, Gretarsdottir S, Helgadottir A, Stefansson K. (2005). "Genes contributing to risk for common forms of stroke". Trends Mol Med 11 (5): 217-24. PMID 15882609.
- Helgadottir A, Gretarsdottir S, St Clair D. et al. (2005). "Association between the gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and stroke replicated in a Scottish population". Am J Hum Genet 76 (3): 505-9. PMID 15640973.
- Stefansson H, Helgason A, Thorleifsson G. et al. (2005). "A common inversion under selection in Europeans". Nat Genet 37 (2): 129-37. PMID 15654335.
- Helgason A, Yngvadottir B, Hrafnkelsson B. et al. (2005). "An Icelandic example of the impact of population structure on association studies". Nat Genet 37 (1): 90-5. PMID 15608637.
- Jonsson S, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF. et al. (2004). "Familial risk of lung carcinoma in the Icelandic population". JAMA 292 (24): 2977-83. PMID 15613665.
- Amundadottir LT, Thorvaldsson S, Gudbjartsson DF. et al. (2004). "Cancer as a complex phenotype: pattern of cancer distribution within and beyond the nuclear family". PLoS Med 1 (3): e65. PMID 15630470.
- Steinthorsdottir V, Stefansson H, Ghosh S. et al. (2004). "Multiple novel transcription initiation sites for NRG1". Gene 342 (1): 97-105. PMID 15527969.
- Kong A, Barnard J, Gudbjartsson DF. et al. (2004). "Recombination rate and reproductive success in humans". Nat Genet 36 (11): 1203-6. PMID 15467721.
- Reynisdottir I, Gudbjartsson DF, Johannsson JH. et al. (2004). "A genetic contribution to inflammatory bowel disease in Iceland: a genealogic approach". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (9): 806-12. PMID 15354281.
- Hallgrímsson B, Donnabháin BO, Walters GB. et al. (2004). "Composition of the founding population of Iceland: biological distance and morphological variation in early historic Atlantic Europe". Am J Phys Anthropol 124 (3): 257-74. PMID 15197821.
- Fossdal R, Jonasson F, Kristjansdottir GT. et al. (2004). "A novel TEAD1 mutation is the causative allele in Sveinsson's chorioretinal atrophy (helicoid peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration)". Hum Mol Genet 13 (9): 975-81. PMID 15016762.
- Helgadottir A, Manolescu A, Thorleifsson G. et al. (2004). "The gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase activating protein confers risk of myocardial infarction and stroke". Nat Genet 36 (3): 233-9. PMID 14770184.
- Halapi E, Stefansson K, Hakonarson H. (2004). "Population genomics of drug response". Am J Pharmacogenomics 4 (2): 73-82. PMID 15059030.
- Laufs J, Andrason H, Sigvaldason A. et al. (2004). "Association of vitamin D binding protein variants with chronic mucus hypersecretion in Iceland". Am J Pharmacogenomics 4 (1): 63-8. PMID 14987123.
- Stefansson H, Steinthorsdottir V, Thorgeirsson TE. et al. (2004). "Neuregulin 1 and schizophrenia". Ann Med 36 (1): 62-71. PMID 15000348.
- Halapi E, Hakonarson H. (2004). "Recent development in genomic and proteomic research for asthma". Curr Opin Pulm Med 10 (1): 22-30. PMID 14749602.
- Blondal T, Waage BG, Smarason SV. et al. (2003). "A novel MALDI-TOF based methodology for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms". Nucleic Acids Res 31 (24): e155. PMID 14654708.
- Styrkarsdottir U, Cazier JB, Kong A. et al. (2003). "Linkage of osteoporosis to chromosome 20p12 and association to BMP2". PLoS Biol 1 (3): E69. PMID 14691541.
- Bjornsson A, Gudmundsson G, Gudfinnsson E. et al. (2003). "Localization of a gene for migraine without aura to chromosome 4q21". Am J Hum Genet 73 (5): 986-93. PMID 14513409.
- Jonasdottir A, Thorlacius T, Fossdal R. et al. (2003). "A whole genome association study in Icelandic multiple sclerosis patients with 4804 markers". J Neuroimmunol 143 (1-2): 88-92. PMID 14575921.
- Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir ST. et al. (2003). "The gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4D confers risk of ischemic stroke". Nat Genet 35 (2): 131-8. PMID 14517540.
- Reynisdottir I, Thorleifsson G, Benediktsson R. et al. (2003). "Localization of a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes to chromosome 5q34-q35 2". Am J Hum Genet 73 (2): 323-35. PMID 12851856.
- Helgason A, Nicholson G, Stefansson K, Donnelly P. (2003). "A reassessment of genetic diversity in Icelanders: strong evidence from multiple loci for relative homogeneity caused by genetic drift". Ann Hum Genet 67 (Pt 4): 281-97. PMID 12914564.
- Stefansson SE, Jonsson H, Ingvarsson T. et al. (2003). "Genomewide scan for hand osteoarthritis: a novel mutation in matrilin-3". Am J Hum Genet 72 (6): 1448-59. PMID 12736871.
- Helgason A, Hrafnkelsson B, Gulcher JR. et al. (2003). "A populationwide coalescent analysis of Icelandic matrilineal and patrilineal genealogies: evidence for a faster evolutionary rate of mtDNA lineages than Y chromosomes". Am J Hum Genet 72 (6): 1370-88. PMID 12721957.
- Thorgeirsson TE, Oskarsson H, Desnica N. et al. (2003). "Anxiety with panic disorder linked to chromosome 9q in Iceland". Am J Hum Genet 72 (5): 1221-30. PMID 12679899.
- Hakonarson H, Gulcher JR, Stefansson K. (2003). "deCODE genetics, Inc". Pharmacogenomics 4 (2): 209-15. PMID 12605555.
- Stefansson H, Sarginson J, Kong A. et al. (2003). "Association of neuregulin 1 with schizophrenia confirmed in a Scottish population". Am J Hum Genet 72 (1): 83-7. PMID 12478479.
- Karason A, Gudjonsson JE, Upmanyu R. et al. (2003). "A susceptibility gene for psoriatic arthritis maps to chromosome 16q: evidence for imprinting". Am J Hum Genet 72 (1): 125-31. PMID 12474146.
- Hicks AA, Petursson H, Jonsson T. et al. (2002). "A susceptibility gene for late-onset idiopathic Parkinson's disease". Ann Neurol 52 (5): 549-55. PMID 12402251.
- Stefansson H, Sigurdsson E, Steinthorsdottir V. et al. (2002). "Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia". Am J Hum Genet 71 (4): 877-92. PMID 12145742.
- Hakonarson H, Bjornsdottir US, Halapi E. et al. (2002). "A major susceptibility gene for asthma maps to chromosome 14q24". Am J Hum Genet 71 (3): 483-91. PMID 12119603.
- Halapi E, Hakonarson H. (2002). "Advances in the development of genetic markers for the diagnosis of disease and drug response". Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2 (5): 411-21. PMID 12271813.
- Kong A, Gudbjartsson DF, Sainz J. et al. (2002). "A high-resolution recombination map of the human genome". Nat Genet 31 (3): 241-7. PMID 12053178.
- Kristjansson K, Manolescu A, Kristinsson A. et al. (2002). "Linkage of essential hypertension to chromosome 18q". Hypertension 39 (6): 1044-9. PMID 12052839.
- Gretarsdottir S, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Jonsson HH. et al. (2002). "Localization of a susceptibility gene for common forms of stroke to 5q12". Am J Hum Genet 70 (3): 593-603. PMID 11833004.
- Gudmundsson G, Matthiasson SE, Arason H. et al. (2002). "Localization of a gene for peripheral arterial occlusive disease to chromosome 1p31". Am J Hum Genet 70 (3): 586-92. PMID 11833003.
- Stefansson H, Geirsson RT, Steinthorsdottir V. et al. (2002). "Genetic factors contribute to the risk of developing endometriosis". Hum Reprod 17 (3): 555-9. PMID 11870102.
- Hakonarson H, Halapi E. (2002). "Genetic analyses in asthma: current concepts and future directions". Am J Pharmacogenomics 2 (3): 155-66. PMID 12383022.
- Hakonarson H, Halapi E, Whelan R. et al. (2001). "Association between IL-1beta/TNF-alpha-induced glucocorticoid-sensitive changes in multiple gene expression and altered responsiveness in airway smooth muscle". Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 25 (6): 761-71. PMID 11726403.
- Hakonarson H, Bjornsdottir US, Ostermann E. et al. (2001). "Allelic frequencies and patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for asthma and atopy in Iceland". Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (11): 2036-44. PMID 11739132.
- Olafsdottir BR, Rye DB, Scammell TE. et al. (2001). "Polymorphisms in hypocretin/orexin pathway genes and narcolepsy". Neurology 57 (10): 1896-9. PMID 11723285.
- Stefansson K. (2001). "Health care and privacy An interview with Kari Stefansson, founder and CEO of deCODE Genetics in Reykjavik, Iceland". EMBO Rep 2 (11): 964-7. PMID 11713182.
- Stefansson H, Einarsdottir A, Geirsson RT. et al. (2001). "Endometriosis is not associated with or linked to the GALT gene". Fertil Steril 76 (5): 1019-22. PMID 11704127.
- Ingvarsson T, Stefánsson SE, Gulcher JR. et al. (2001). "A large Icelandic family with early osteoarthritis of the hip associated with a susceptibility locus on chromosome 16p". Arthritis Rheum 44 (11): 2548-55. PMID 11710711.
- Gulcher JR, Kong A, Stefansson K. (2001). "The role of linkage studies for common diseases". Curr Opin Genet Dev 11 (3): 264-7. PMID 11377961.
- Hakonarson H, Wjst M. (2001). "Current concepts on the genetics of asthma". Curr Opin Pediatr 13 (3): 267-77. PMID 11389363.
- Helgason A, Hickey E, Goodacre S. et al. (2001). "mtDna and the islands of the North Atlantic: estimating the proportions of Norse and Gaelic ancestry". Am J Hum Genet 68 (3): 723-37. PMID 11179019.
- Gulcher J, Kong A, Stefansson K. (2001). "The genealogic approach to human genetics of disease". Cancer J 7 (1): 61-8. PMID 11269649.
- Grant SF, Kristjansdottir H, Steinsson K. et al. (2000). "Long PCR detection of the C4A null allele in B8-C4AQ0-C4B1-DR3". J Immunol Methods 244 (1-2): 41-7. PMID 11033017.
- Gudmundsson H, Gudbjartsson DF, Frigge M. et al. (2000). "Inheritance of human longevity in Iceland". Eur J Hum Genet 8 (10): 743-9. PMID 11039573.
- Gulcher JR, Kristjansson K, Gudbjartsson H, Stefansson K. (2000). "Protection of privacy by third-party encryption in genetic research in Iceland". Eur J Hum Genet 8 (10): 739-42. PMID 11039572.
- Gulcher JR, Stefansson K. (2000). "The Icelandic Healthcare Database and informed consent". N Engl J Med 342 (24): 1827-30. PMID 10853008.
- Sigurdardottir S, Helgason A, Gulcher JR. et al. (2000). "The mutation rate in the human mtDNA control region". Am J Hum Genet 66 (5): 1599-609. PMID 10756141.
- Palsson B, Palsson F, Perlin M. et al. (1999). "Using quality measures to facilitate allele calling in high-throughput genotyping". Genome Res 9 (10): 1002-12. PMID 10523529.
- Gulcher J, Stefansson K. (1999). "An Icelandic saga on a centralized healthcare database and democratic decision making". Nat Biotechnol 17 (7): 620. PMID 10409337.
- Halapi E. (1998). "Oligoclonal T cells in human cancer". Med Oncol 15 (4): 203-11. PMID 9951682.
- Gulcher J, Stefansson K. (1998). "Population genomics: laying the groundwork for genetic disease modeling and targeting". Clin Chem Lab Med 36 (8): 523-7. PMID 9806453.
- Gulcher JR, Jonsson P, Kong A. et al. (1997). "Mapping of a familial essential tremor gene, FET1, to chromosome 3q13". Nat Genet 17 (1): 84-7. PMID 9288103.
External links
Coordinates: 64°08′08″N 21°56′45″W / 64.13556°N 21.94583°W / 64.13556; -21.94583
