Did you mean: hacker, hacker (technology), Hacker Groups, Hacker (intelligence), hacker (computer security), hacker (folklore), hacker (hobbyist), hacker (academia), Marilyn Hacker More...

Results for hacker
On this page:
 
Sci-Tech Dictionary:

hacker

(′hak·ər)

(computer science) A person who uses a computer system without a specific, constructive purpose or without proper authorization.

 
 
Business Dictionary: Hacker

An expert computer programmer who enjoys figuring out the inner workings of computer systems or Networks. Some have a reputation for using their expertise to illegally break into secure programs in computers hooked up to the Internet or other networks. This sense, however, has now been taken over by the term cracker, and hacker is again a title to be proudly claimed.

 
Hacker Slang: hacker

[originally, someone who makes furniture with an axe]

1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. RFC1392, the Internet Users' Glossary, usefully amplifies this as: A person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in particular.

2. One who programs enthusiastically (even obsessively) or who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about programming.

3. A person capable of appreciating hack value.

4. A person who is good at programming quickly.

5. An expert at a particular program, or one who frequently does work using it or on it; as in ‘a Unix hacker’. (Definitions 1 through 5 are correlated, and people who fit them congregate.)

6. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker, for example.

7. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations.

8. [deprecated] A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. Hence password hacker, network hacker. The correct term for this sense is cracker.

The term ‘hacker’ also tends to connote membership in the global community defined by the net (see the network. For discussion of some of the basics of this culture, see the How To Become A Hacker FAQ. It also implies that the person described is seen to subscribe to some version of the hacker ethic (see hacker ethic).

It is better to be described as a hacker by others than to describe oneself that way. Hackers consider themselves something of an elite (a meritocracy based on ability), though one to which new members are gladly welcome. There is thus a certain ego satisfaction to be had in identifying yourself as a hacker (but if you claim to be one and are not, you'll quickly be labeled bogus). See also geek, wannabee.

This term seems to have been first adopted as a badge in the 1960s by the hacker culture surrounding TMRC and the MIT AI Lab. We have a report that it was used in a sense close to this entry's by teenage radio hams and electronics tinkerers in the mid-1950s.

 
Intelligence Encyclopedia: Computer Hackers

Computer hackers are people who gain remote access (typically unauthorized and unapproved) to files stored in another computer, or even to the operating system of the computer. In the 1950 and 1960s, hackers were motivated more by a desire to learn the operating characteristics of a computer than by any malicious intent. Indeed, in those days hackers were often legitimate computer programmers who were seeking ways of routing information more quickly through the then-cumbersome operating system of computers.

Since then, however, computer hacking has become much more sophisticated, organized, and, in many cases, illegal. Some hackers are motivated by a desire to cripple sensitive sites, make mischief, and to acquire restricted information.

In the late 1990s, several computer hackers attempted to gain access to files in the computer network at the Pentagon. The incidents, which were dubbed Solar Sunrise, were regarded as a dress rehearsal for a later and more malicious cyber-attack, and stimulated a revamping of the military's computer defenses. In another example, computer hackers were able to gain access to patient files at the Indiana University School of Medicine in February 2003.

The threats to civilian privacy and national security from computer hackers was deemed so urgent that the

U.S. government enacted the Cyber-Security Enhancement Act in July 2002, as part of the Homeland Security measures in the wake of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Under this legislation, hackers can be regarded as terrorists, and can be imprisoned for up to 20 years.

One tool that a hacker can use to compromise an individual computer or a computer network is a virus. Depending on their design and intent, the consequences of a virus can range from the inconvenient (i.e., defacing of a Web site) to the catastrophic (i.e., disabling of a computer network). Within a few years during the 1990s, the number of known computer viruses increased to over 30,000. That number is now upwards of 100,000, with new viruses appearing virtually daily.

Despite the threat that they can pose, computer hackers can also be of benefit. By exposing the flaws in a computer network, hackers can aid in the redesign of the system to make information more inaccessible to unauthorized access.

Further Reading

Books

McClure, Stuart, Joel Scambray, and George Kurtz. Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets and Solutions, 4th ed. Emeryville, CA: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2003.

Spitzner, Lance. Honeypots: Tracking Hackers. Boston: Addison Wesley Professional, 2002.

Wang, Wallace. Steal This Computer Book 3: What They Won't Tell You About the Internet. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2003.

Warren, Henry S., Jr. Hacker's Delight. Boston: Addison Wesley Professional, 2002.

 
Wikipedia: hacker
This article is about computer hacking. For other uses, see Hacker (disambiguation) and Hacking.

Hacker has several common meanings, the unifying characteristic of which is only that it refers to a person who is an avid computer enthusiast. It is most commonly used as a pejorative by the mass media to refer to a person who engages in illegal computer cracking, which is its original meaning,[1] but it can also refer to people engaged in ethical hacking, to the members of the open source and free software community or to home computer hobbyists.

Overview

At least three major hacker subcultures, characterized by their largely distinct historical development, use the term 'Hacker' in their jargon for self-identification.[2] They are centered around different, but partially overlapping aspects of computers and have conflicting ideas about who may legitimately be called a hacker (see hacker definition controversy).

In computer security, a hacker is someone who focuses on security mechanisms. In common use, which was popularized by the mass media, that refers to someone who illegally breaks into computer and network systems. That is, the media portrays the 'hacker' as a villain. Nevertheless, parts of the subculture see their aim in correcting security problems and use the word in a positive sense. They operate under a code of the Hacker Ethic, in which it's acknowledged that breaking into other people's computers is bad, but that discovering and exploiting security mechanisms and breaking into computers is nevertheless an interesting aspect that can be done in an ethical and legal way.

This use is contrasted by the different understanding of the word as a person who follows a spirit of playful cleverness and loves programming. It is found in an originally academic movement unrelated to computer security and most visibly associated with free software and open source. It also has a hacker ethic, based on the idea that writing software and sharing the result is a good idea, but only on a voluntary basis, and that information should be free, but that it's not up to the hacker to make it free by breaking into private computer systems. Academic hackers disassociate from the mass media's pejorative use of the word 'hacker' referring to computer security, and usually prefer the term 'cracker' for that meaning. In a third meaning, the term refers to computer hobbyists who push the limits of their software or hardware.

Computer security hackers

Main article: Hacker (computer security)

In computer security, a hacker is a person who specializes in work with the security mechanisms for computer and network systems. The subculture around such hackers is termed network hacker subculture, hacker scene or computer underground. While including those who endeavor to strengthen such mechanisms, it is more often used by the mass media and popular culture to refer to those who seek access despite these security measures. Accordingly, the term bears strong connotations that may be favorable or pejorative.

The network hacker subculture initially developed in the context of phreaking during the 1960s and the microcomputer BBS scene of the 1980s. It is implicated with 2600: The Hacker Quarterly and the alt.2600 newsgroup.

By 1983, hacking in the sense of breaking computer security had already been in use as computer jargon,[3] but there was no public awareness about such activities.[4] However, the release of the movie WarGames that year raised the public belief that computer security hackers (especially teenagers) could be a threat to national security. This concern became real when a gang of teenage crackers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin known as The 414s broke into computer systems throughout the United States and Canada, including those of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Security Pacific Bank. The case quickly grew media attention[5][6], and 17-year-old Neal Patrick emerged as the spokesman for the gang, including a cover story in Newsweek entitled "Beware: Hackers at play", with Patrick's photograph on the cover. [7] The Newsweek article appears to be the first use of the word hacker by the mainstream media in the pejorative sense.

As a result of news coverage, congressman Dan Glickman called for an investigation and new laws about computer hacking. [8] Neal Patrick testified before the U.S. House of Representatives on September 26 1983 about the dangers of computer hacking, and six bills concerning computer crime were introduced in the House that year. [9] As a result of these laws against computer criminality, white hat, grey hat and black hat hackers try to distinguish themselves from each other, depending on the legality of their activities.

Personalities

  • CULT OF THE DEAD COW — A high profile hacker group that has both made news and been consulted by the media on numerous occasions.
  • Brian Dorsett — Reverse-engineered the NDS satellite access smartcard known as the HU card. Currently imprisoned at Miami FDC. He recorded a daily podcast from prison titled Prisoncast [dead link – history], although this is no longer active.
  • Patrick K. Kroupa (also known as Lord Digital) — Former LOD member, co-founder of MindVox, author of Phantom Access programs, and MindVox: The Overture. Appears in over 20 books and hundreds of media and press articles.
  • Kevin Mitnick — A former computer criminal who now (since his release from prison in 2000) speaks, consults, and authors books about social engineering and network security.
  • Jason M Burks (Also known as v00d00) A former cyber terrorist, now associated with assisting United States government agencies with network security, personal identification security, and FIPS201 compliancy. He is also a member of the Caltech 6.
  • Stuart Goldman; Known as the "Hollywood Hacker," Goldman, who was working on an expose of the tabloid industry, was arrested in 1990 for breaking into the computers of Fox Television. Goldman later returned to court with evidence that he had been set up by Fox. All charges against him were dropped and his record expunged. Goldman sold a screenplay ("Spy Vs. Spies") to Phoenix Pictures and producer Oliver Stone based upon his experience.

Open Source and Free Software hackers

Main article: Hacker (academia)

In the Open Source and Free Software hacker culture, a computer hacker is a person who enjoys designing software and building programs with a sense for aesthetics and playful cleverness.

According to Eric S. Raymond,[11] the Open source and Free Software hacker subculture developed in the 1960s among ‘academic hackers’[12] working on early minicomputers in computer science environments. After 1969 it fused with the technical culture of the pioneers of the Arpanet. One PDP-10 machine at MIT connected to the Arpanet provided an early hacker meeting point. It was called AI and ran ITS. After 1980 the subculture coalesced with the culture of Unix, and after 1987 with elements of the early microcomputer hobbyists that themselves had connections to radio amateurs in the 1920s. Since the mid-1990s, it has been largely coincident with what is now called the free software and open source movement.

Many programmers have been labeled "great hackers,"[13] but the specifics of who that label applies to is a matter of opinion. Certainly major contributors to computer science such as Edsger Dijkstra and Donald Knuth, as well as the inventors of popular software such as Linus Torvalds (Linux), and Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson (the C programming language) are likely to be included in any such list; see also List of programmers. People primarily known for their contributions to the consciousness of the academic hacker culture include Richard Stallman, the founder of the free software movement and the GNU project, president of the Free Software Foundation and author of the famous Emacs text editor as well as the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), and Eric S. Raymond, one of the founders of the Open Source Initiative and writer of the famous text The Cathedral and the Bazaar and many other essays, maintainer of the Jargon File (which was previously maintained by Guy L. Steele, Jr.).

Within the academic hacker culture, the term hacker is also used for a programmer who reaches a goal by employing a series of modifications to extend existing code or resources. In this sense, it can have a negative connotation of using kludges to accomplish programming tasks that are ugly, inelegant, and inefficient. This derogatory form of the noun "hack" is even used among users of the positive sense of "hacker" (some argue that it should not be, due to this negative meaning; others argue that some kludges can, for all their ugliness and imperfection, still have "hack value"). In a very universal sense, a hacker also means someone who makes things work beyond perceived limits in a clever way in general, for example reality hackers.[14]

Personalities

Hobby Hackers


Main article: Hacker (hobbyist)

The hobby hacking subculture relates to the hobbyist home computing of the late 1970s, beginning with the availability of MITS Altair. An influential organization was the Homebrew Computer Club.

The areas that didn't fit together with the academic hacker subculture focus mainly on commercial computer and video games, software cracking and exceptional computer programming (demo scene), but also to the modification of computer hardware and other electronic devices, see modding.

Personalities

  • Steve Wozniak — Computer engineer who created the Apple I and Apple II series computers and, with Steve Jobs, founded Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.). He is known in the hacker community as "Woz" or "The other Steve." Woz came up with some ingenious hardware hacks to bring those machines to completion. He also had a background in the network hacker subculture before this and did blue boxing.
  • William Henry Gates III (Bill Gates) — is the co-founder and chairman of Microsoft Corporation. Although he personally demonstrated considerable personal coding skill early in his company's history [15][16], he is most widely recognizable today as one of the world's richest individuals. Formerly CEO, in June 2006 he also stepped down as chief software architect.[17]

Overlaps and differences

The main basic difference between academic and computer security hackers is their mostly separate historical origin and development. However, the Jargon File reports that considerable overlap existed for the early phreaking at the beginning of the 1970s. An article from MIT's student paper The Tech used the term hacker in this context already in 1963 in its pejorative meaning for someone messing with the phone system.[1] The overlap quickly started to break when people joined in the activity who did it in a less responsible way.[18] This was the case after the publication of an article exposing the activities of Draper and Engressias.

Academic hackers usually work openly and use their real name, while computer security hackers prefer secretive groups and identity-concealing aliases. Also, their activities in practice are largely distinct. The former focus on creating new and improving existing infrastructure (especially the software environment they work with), while the latter primarily and strongly emphasize the general act of circumvention of security measures, with the effective use of the knowledge (which can be to report and help fixing the security bugs, or exploitation for criminal purpose) being only rather secondary. The most visible difference in these views was in the design of the MIT hackers' Incompatible Timesharing System, which deliberately didn't have any security measures.

There are some subtle overlaps, however, since basic knowledge about computer security is also common within the academic hacker community. For example, Ken Thompson noted during his 1983 Turing Award lecture that it is possible to add code to the UNIX "login" command that would accept either the intended encrypted password or a particular known password, allowing a back door into the system with the latter password. He named his invention the "Trojan horse." Furthermore, Thompson argued, the C compiler itself could be modified to automatically generate the rogue code, to make detecting the modification even harder. Because the compiler is itself a program generated from a compiler, the Trojan horse could also be automatically installed in a new compiler program, without any detectable modification to the source of the new compiler. However, Thompson disassociated himself strictly from the computer security hackers: "I would like to criticize the press in its handling of the 'hackers,' the 414 gang, the Dalton gang, etc. The acts performed by these kids are vandalism at best and probably trespass and theft at worst. ... I have watched kids testifying before Congress. It is clear that they are completely unaware of the seriousness of their acts." [19]

The academic hacker community sees secondary circumvention of security mechanisms as legitimate if it is done to get practical barriers out of the way for doing actual work. In special forms, that can even be an expression of playful cleverness.[20] However, the systematic and primary engagement in such activities is not one of the actual interests of the academic hacker subculture and it doesn't have significance in its actual activities, either.[21] A further difference is that, historically, academic hackers were working at academic institutions and used the computing environment there. In contrast, the prototypical computer security hacker had access exclusively to a home computer and a modem. However since the mid-1990s, with home computers that could run Unix-like operating systems and with inexpensive internet home access being available for the first time, many people from outside of the academic world started to take part in the academic hacking subculture.

Since the mid-1980s, there are some overlaps in ideas and members with the computer security hacking community. The most prominent case is Robert T. Morris, who was a user of MIT-AI, yet wrote the Morris worm. The Jargon File hence calls him "a true hacker who blundered".[22] Nevertheless, members of the academic subculture have a tendency to look down on and disassociate from these overlaps. They commonly refer disparagingly to people in the computer security subculture as crackers, and refuse to accept any definition of hacker that encompasses such activities (see the Hacker definition controversy). The computer security hacking subculture on the other hand tends not to distinguish between the two subcultures as harshly, instead acknowledging that they have much in common including many members, political and social goals, and a love of learning about technology. They restrict the use of the term cracker to their categories of script kiddies and black hat hackers instead.

All three subcultures have relations to hardware modifications. In the early days of network hacking, phreaks were building blue boxes and various variants. The academic hacker culture has stories about several hardware hacks in its folklore, such as a mysterious 'magic' switch attached to a PDP-10 computer in MIT's AI lab, that, when turned off, crashed the computer.[23] The early hobbyist hackers built their home computers themselves, from construction kits. However, all these activities have died out during the 1980s, when the phone network switched to digitally controlled switchboards, causing network hacking to shift to dialling remote computers with modems, when preassembled inexpensive home computers were available, and when academic institutions started to give individual mass-produced workstation computers to scientists instead of using a central timesharing system. The only kind of widespread hardware modification nowadays is case modding.

An encounter of the academic and the computer security hacker subculture occurred at the end of the 1980s, when a group of computer security hackers, sympathizing with the Chaos Computer Club (who disclaimed any knowledge in these activities), broke into computers of American military organizations and academic institutions. They sold data from these machines to the Soviet secret service, one of them in order to fund his drug addiction. The case could be solved when scientists from the environment of the academic hacker subculture found ways to log the attacks and to trace them back. 23, a German film adaption with fictional elements, shows the events from the attackers' perspective. Clifford Stoll, one of the system administrators who helped to catch them, described the case in his book The Cuckoo's Egg and in the TV documentary The KGB, the Computer, and Me[24] from the other perspective.

Often hackers with similar interests join groups and collaborate their intuitive minds to achieve often extraordinary results. They develop jargon which is "incomprehensible to outsiders" (Levy 1984, p.9). The academic text 'Hackers: Heroes of the computer revolution' author Stephen Levy writes about a group of university student hackers which use their own terms to conceal their works. In this group's case 'losing' is "when a piece of equipment is not working" (Levy 1984, p.9) and 'munged' is "when a piece of equipment is ruined" (Levy 1984, p.9). Hackers of the computer security sort are forever attempting to impress or shock. They may be impressing their fellow hackers or shocking the administrators of the program they have just successfully hacked by cracking what was once considered to be the 'uncrackable'.

The term hack can be coined to many different meanings however it can be traced back to "describe the elaborate college pranks that...students would regularly devise" (Levy, 1984 p.10. To be considered a 'hack' was an honour among like-minded peers as "to qualify as a hack, the feat must be imbued with innovation, style and technical virtuosity" (levy, 1984 p.10. Many of these talented college students choose to follow their hobby to either become an academic hacker and go on to work for large companies maintaining and continually protecting their highly secretive data. Constantly attempting to 'crack' the security barriers of the company they work for before external threats can. Once they have found the crack they then work to rectify the potential security breach. Due to the dynamic nature of the internet this is a never-ending task which requires great skill and talent. There is always a way around even the latest and most advance internet or intranet security system. Corporations spend large amounts of money protecting their data, however often the best money spent is on the staff hired to constantly challenge their systems and therefore improving its security. - Computer security hackers are the opposite of the academic hacker in that these are exactly who companies are attempting to prevent. They work covertly forever attempting to conceal one's identity and enter another's database. Mostly such hackers are merely 'proving a point' by showing they are able to enter a system that they are not authorised to do so. This may be simply for the reason of impressing their fellow hacker counterparts. Others operate with the intention of severe criminal activity, perhaps entering a bank's highly secretive data system and transferring money out of one's account without even leaving their home PC. This action is just like physically robbing a bank though all performed through a computer. Thankfully examples such as this are becoming very infrequent as companies quickly improve their systems.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Fred Shapiro: Antedating of "Hacker". American Dialect Society Mailing List (13. Juni 2003)
  2. ^ http://webzone.k3.mah.se/k3jolo/HackerCultures/origins.htm
  3. ^ See the 1981 version of the Jargon File, entry "hacker", last meaning.
  4. ^ (October 16, 2002). "Computer hacking: Where did it begin and how did it grow?". WindowSecurity.com.
  5. ^ Detroit Free Press, September 27, 1983
  6. ^ Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (Aug. 29, 1983), "The 414 Gang Strikes Again", Time magazine: p. 75, <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949797,00.html>
  7. ^ "Beware: Hackers at play", Newsweek: pp. 42-46,48, September 5, 1983
  8. ^ Timeline: The U.S. Government and Cybersecurity. Washington Post (2002). Retrieved on 2006-04-14.
  9. ^ David Bailey, "Attacks on Computers: Congressional Hearings and Pending Legislation," sp, p. 180, 1984 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 1984.
  10. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4757375.stm
  11. ^ Eric S. Raymond: A Brief History of Hackerdom (2000)
  12. ^ http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch20s06.html
  13. ^ Graham, Paul (2004). Great Hackers.
  14. ^ See for example the MIT Gallery of Hacks
  15. ^ Article from The Register [1]
  16. ^ Archive.org cache of discussion of Altair Basic source code [2]
  17. ^ Microsoft Press release June 2006 [3]
  18. ^ http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/P/phreaking.html
  19. ^ Thompson, Ken (August 1984). "Reflections on Trusting Trust". Communications of the ACM 27 (8). 
  20. ^ http://gnu.mirrorspace.org/philosophy/rms-hack.html
  21. ^ http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/C/cracker.html
  22. ^ http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/pt03.html#bibliography
  23. ^ http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/magic-story.html
  24. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NbURDW6CZY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qZCzcGLNN8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qV-HJDTifGQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnjAm17IfCA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8FgvjkmkSQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJKyHNgrLNw

Related books

Wikibooks
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
Computer security hacking
Academic hacking

External links

Computer security hacking


Academic hacking

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

 
Translations: Translations for: Hacker

Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - hacker, uøvet/udygtig sportsmand

2.
n. - taxachauffør

Nederlands (Dutch)
hakker, (computer) kraker, computermaniak, schopper

Français (French)
1.
n. - pirate informatique

2.
n. - chauffeur de taxi

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - (Comp.) Hacker

2.
n. - Taxifahrer

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - πελεκητής, εισβολέας, διαρρήκτης απόρρητων προγραμμάτων Η/Υ

Italiano (Italian)
pirata informatico

Português (Portuguese)
n. - hacker (m) (Inf.), violador (m) de sistema de computação (Inf.)

Русский (Russian)
человек, плохо делающий какую-либо работу, нелегальный взломщик в чужой компьютер

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - pirata informático

2.
n. - taxista, conductor de taxi

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - hacker (person som bryter sig in i datasystem)

中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
热衷计算机的人, 企图不法进入别人计算机系统的人

中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 熱衷電腦的人, 企圖不法進入別人電腦系統的人

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 해커, 컴퓨터 침해자

2.
n. - 택시 운전사

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ハッカー

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) خبير في أنظمه الكومبيوتر‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮חובבן מחשבים החודר למערכות ממוחשבות סגורות‬
n. - ‮נהג מונית‬

If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.

To select your translation preferences click here.


 
Shopping: hacker
diana hacker
 
 

Did you mean: hacker, hacker (technology), Hacker Groups, Hacker (intelligence), hacker (computer security), hacker (folklore), hacker (hobbyist), hacker (academia), Marilyn Hacker More...

Join the WikiAnswers Q&A community. Post a question or answer questions about "hacker" at WikiAnswers.

 

Copyrights:

Sci-Tech Dictionary. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Copyright © 2003, 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Business Dictionary. Dictionary of Business Terms. Copyright © 2000 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Hacker Slang. The Jargon File. Copyright © 2007.  Read more
Intelligence Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. Copyright © 2004 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hacker".  Read more
Translations. Copyright © 2007, WizCom Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved.  Read more

Search for answers directly from your browser with the FREE Answers.com Toolbar!  
Click here to download now. 

Get Answers your way! Check out all our free tools and products.

On this page:   E-mail   print Print  Link  

 

Keep Reading

Mentioned In:

 |  More >More >

Related Topics