John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953) is an
American politician, and was the 43rd Governor of Florida as well as the first Republican to be re-elected to that office. He is a prominent member of the
Bush family: the younger brother of current President George W. Bush; the older brother of
Neil Bush, Marvin Bush and Dorothy Bush Koch; and the second son of former President George
H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush.
Early years
John Ellis Bush was born in Midland, Texas, where his father was running an
oil-drilling company. He has been known as Jeb (taken from his initials, "JEB") since childhood.
When Bush was six years old, the family moved to Houston. He was a childhood athlete,
enjoying baseball and tennis. He went to a public elementary
school, but later transferred to a private school. When he was in eighth grade, his father was elected to the United States House of Representatives and moved to Washington, D.C. Bush stayed in Houston with another family to finish the school year, and spent most
summers and holidays at the family estate, known as the Bush Compound.
He then enrolled at Phillips Andover, a private boarding school in Massachusetts, already attended by his
brother, George. Bush made the honor roll in his first semester.
When Bush was 17, he went to León, Mexico, as part
of his school's student exchange program. He spent his time there teaching
English, and it was there that he met his future wife Columba Garnica Gallo.
Bush attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he graduated
Phi Beta Kappa with a Bachelor's
degree in Latin American Studies in 1973, taking only
two and a half years to complete his work, and obtaining generally excellent grades. He registered for the draft, but the Vietnam War ended before his number came up.
Family
After his early graduation, Bush married Columba Garnica Gallo, on February 23,
1974. Their three children are George P. Bush,
Noelle Bush and Jeb Bush, Jr. Their eldest son,
George Prescott Bush (born April 24, 1976 in Texas), went to Gulliver Preparatory School, studied at
Rice University, and earned a Juris Doctor degree
from the University of Texas. Noelle Lucila Bush (born
July 26 1977 in Texas), their daughter and second child, studied
at Tallahassee Community College, graduating in 2000. John Ellis "Jebby"
Bush, Jr. (born December 13, 1983 in Miami, Florida), their youngest child and second son, attended The Bolles
School, a private boarding and day school in Jacksonville, and then The
University of Texas.
Early career
Business experience in Texas and abroad
After earning his degree, Bush went to work in an entry level position in the international division of Texas Commerce Bank, a job he received through James Baker, a
long time family friend and chairman of the board of Texas Commerce Bank. Bush assisted in drafting communications for the
company's chairman, Ben Love.
In November 1977, he was sent to the Venezuelan capital of Caracas to open a new operation for the bank. Bush spent about two years there, working in international
finance. He eventually worked for the bank's executive program.
Bush returned to the United States to work without salary on his father's campaign for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980, explaining:
- "I wasn't motivated for politics, I wasn't motivated because of ideology or anything. My
dad's the greatest man I've ever met or will meet; I can predict that fairly confidently. It was payback time, simple as
that."
His father ultimately lost the Republican nomination for President that year, but was chosen to be Ronald Reagan's running mate. That fall, George H.W. Bush was elected Vice President of the United States, and won reelection in 1984. In 1988, the elder
Bush won both the Republican Party's presidential nomination and the election, becoming the nation's 41st president.
Business and lobbying experience in Miami
Following the 1980 presidential election, Bush and his family moved to Miami-Dade
County, Florida. He took a job in real estate with Armando Codina, a 32-year-old
Cuban immigrant and self-made American millionaire. Codina had made a fortune in a computer
business, and then formed a new company, IntrAmerica Investments Inc., to pursue opportunities in real estate.
In 1981, his first year with Codina's new real estate venture, Bush earned $41,508. He soon became a valuable real estate
salesman for Codina and helped him build a very successful property business in Florida.
During Bush's years in Miami, he was involved in many different entrepreneurial
pursuits, including working for a mobile phone company, serving on the board of a Norwegian-owned
company that sold fire equipment to the Alaska oil pipeline, becoming a
minority owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars, buying a shoe company that sold
footwear in Panama, and getting involved in a scheme to sell water pumps in Nigeria.
Codina eventually made Bush his partner in a new development business, which quickly became one of South Florida's leading
real estate development firms. As a partner, Bush received 40% of the firm's profits.
Bush was also on the payroll of Cuban exile Miguel Recarey, who had earlier assisted the CIA in attempts to assassinate Fidel Castro.[1]
Recarey, who ran International Medical Centres (IMC), employed Bush as a real estate consultant and paid him a $75,000 fee for
finding the company a new location, although the move never took place. Bush did, however, lobby the Reagan/Bush administration vigorously and successfully on behalf of Recarey and IMC. "I want to be
very wealthy," Jeb Bush told the Miami News when questioned during that period. [2]
In 1990, Bush interceded with his father to pardon Orlando
Bosch, a Cuban exile whom Attorney General Dick Thornburgh called an "unrepentant terrorist." Bosch was released
from prison and granted residency in the U.S. [3]
Civic and charitable activities
After narrowly losing a 1994 election for Governor of Florida against Lawton Chiles,
Bush pursued policy and charitable interests. He started a non-profit
organization called The Foundation For Florida’s Future, a think tank that stated as
its mission influencing public policy at the grassroots
level. He also "volunteered time to assist the Miami Children's Hospital, the United
Way of Dade County and the Dade County Homeless Trust".[4]
In 1996, The Foundation For Florida’s Future published a book that Bush had co-written, Profiles in Character (ISBN
0-9650912-0-1), a clear parallel to John F. Kennedy's 1955 book Profiles in Courage. The foundation also published and distributed policy papers, such as "A New
Lease on Learning: Florida's First Charter School", which Bush co-wrote.[5] Bush subsequently wrote the foreword to another book, published by the conservative Heritage Foundation and written by Nina Shokraii
Rees, School Choice 2000: What’s Happening in the States (ISBN 0-89195-089-3).
Bush co-founded the first charter school in the State of Florida: Liberty City Charter School, a grades K-6 elementary school.[6] The school is situated in Liberty City, a Miami neighborhood that was the site, in 1980, of the first
major race riot since the Civil Rights era.[7] The school's co-founder, working alongside Bush, was
T. Williard Fair, a well-known local black activist and head of the Greater Miami Urban League.
The Liberty City Charter School still operates today as a charter school.
Religious affiliation
In addition to his business, civic and charitable activities, Bush underwent a religious conversion during the early years of
his career. At the urging of his wife, a devout Roman Catholic, the
Protestant Bush converted to her religion. He and his wife belonged to the Epiphany
Catholic Church in Miami for many years. Bush is also a Third Degree Knight of
Columbus according to an August 3, 2004 speech his
brother, George W. Bush, made at the 122nd Knights of Columbus Convention in Dallas. The following is an excerpt from the
speech:
- "I'm proud to say that my family has contributed to your ranks. A few years ago, Governor Jeb became a Knight. And he — yes —
and he recently took his Third Degree. I'll see him this weekend. His son is getting married. I'll pass on the word, aim for the
Fourth."
Political career
Early campaigns
Bush got his start in Florida politics as the Chairman of the Dade County Republican Party. Dade County played an important
role in the 1986 election of Bob Martinez to the Governor's office. In return, Martinez
appointed Bush as Florida's Secretary of Commerce. He served in that role in 1987 and 1988, before resigning once again to work
on his father's presidential campaign. In 1989 he served as the campaign manager of Ileana
Ros-Lehtinen, the first Cuban-American to serve in Congress. He launched an unsuccessful bid for the Governor's office in
1994 against incumbent Democratic Governor Lawton Chiles. Bush lost the election by only 63,940 votes out of 4,206,076 that were cast for the major
party candidates (2,135,008; 50.8% to 2,071,068; 49.2%).
Governor of Florida
Jeb Bush, Governor of the State of Florida
In 1998, Bush defeated the Democratic opponent Lt. Governor Buddy MacKay by over 418,000
votes (2,191,105; 55.3% to 1,773,054; 44.7%) to become Governor of Florida, after
courting the state's moderate voters and Hispanics.
Simultaneously, his brother, George W. Bush won a landslide re-election victory for a second term as Governor of Texas, and the Bush brothers became the first siblings to govern two states at
the same time since Nelson and Winthrop
Rockefeller governed New York and Arkansas from 1967
to 1971.
Education
Bush's administration has been marked by a focus on public education reform. His "A+ Plan" mandated standardized testing in
Florida's public schools, eliminated social promotion and established a system of funding public schools based on a statewide
grading system using the FCAT test. Bush has been a proponent of
school vouchers and charter schools, especially
in areas of the state with failing public schools, although to date very few schools have received failing grades from the state.
One program that has seen fruition is the Florida Virtual High School, a distance-learning program that allows students in rural areas of the state to take Advanced Placement classes for college credit. However, his policies have also been driven by
a firm refusal to raise taxes for education, which led Bush to oppose a ballot initiative to amend the Florida Constitution to
cap growing school class sizes. Bush said he had "a couple of devious plans if this thing passes".[8][9] Despite
his opposition, the amendment passed;[10] Bush's subsequent
suggestions that the amendment be repealed[11] have
contributed to criticisms that he has failed to implement it in good faith. A similar concern about new expenditures has led to
controversy over whether Florida has provided adequate resources to implement a subsequent voter-approved state constitutional
amendment that requires a universal state-financed pre-Kindergarten program.[12]
In higher education, Bush approved three new medical schools during his tenure and also put forth the "One Florida" proposal,
an initiative that effectively ended affirmative action admissions programs at state
universities.[13] These moves were among the influencing
concerns that led to the faculty of the University of Florida to deny Bush an
honorary degree, whilst the University of Florida Alumni Association made him an
honorary alumnus.[14]
Environment
Bush signed legislation to protect the Everglades and opposed federal plans to drill for
oil off the coast of Florida. In early October 2005, Bush attempted to strike a compromise with
fellow Republicans that would allow offshore drilling in an area that stretches 125 miles off Florida's coastline and give the
state legislature the power to permit drilling closer to the state's coastlines. The compromise was warmly received by some
Florida Republicans and U.S. Congressmen, such as bill sponsor Richard Pombo, but has yet
to be agreed upon; others including Republican U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, objected to any
backtracking on the drilling moratorium.
GLBT Issues
Bush opposes gay marriage and hate crimes
status for gays and lesbians. He also promoted a
friend-of-the-court brief supporting the state's ban on gays adopting children.[15]
Culture of life positions
Bush is both pro-life and a supporter of the death
penalty.
Bush was involved in the case of Terri Schiavo, a woman with massive and irreversible
brain damage, who was on a feeding tube for over 15 years, and whose husband and legal
guardian, Michael Schiavo, wished to remove the tube. This move was opposed by Terry
Schiavo's parents in the courts. Bush signed "Terri's
Law," a law passed by the Florida legislature that permitted the Governor to keep Schiavo on life support. The law was ruled unconstitutional by the Florida
Supreme Court on September 23, 2004. That decision was
appealed to the federal courts. On January 24,
2005, however, the U.S. Supreme Court
declined to hear the case, thus allowing the Florida court's ruling to stand. Bush took heated criticism from conservatives who were disappointed that he did not take further action to prevent Schiavo from having her
feeding tube removed.[16]
While he is a firm supporter of capital punishment, Bush suspended all executions in Florida on December 15, 2006, after the execution of Ángel Nieves Díaz was seemingly botched. The execution took 37 minutes to complete, and required a
second injection of the lethal chemicals.
2000 presidential election
-
Bush was Governor during the 2000 election, and received a
great deal of media attention and criticism stemming from the Florida recount.
Questions have been raised about Bush's involvement in the notorious "Florida Felons List" affair, in which primarily black and
Democratic voters were erroneously listed as felons and thus declared ineligible to vote. Bush ignored at least one direct
warning from a state computer expert that the list was flawed and should not be used.[17]
Popularity
Bush has consistently remained popular overall in Florida — a state with more registered Democratic than Republican
voters,[18] and an influential and diverse number of
independent swing voters.
International trade
Bush said one of the most important goals of his final two years as Governor was to secure the FTAA Secretariat for Miami.
Lieutenant Governors
Lt. Gov. Frank Brogan, a former fifth-grade teacher, principal, and superintendent,
served only one term with Bush. After Brogan remarried, he opted not to serve a second term. Brogan was reelected to a second
term in 2002 with Bush and then resigned in March 2003. He and his new wife moved to Boca
Raton, where he serves as president of Florida Atlantic University.
In Tallahassee, a museum was named in honor of Brogan's late wife, Mary, who died on June 27,
1999 of breast cancer and, like her husband, was a Florida
school teacher.[19]
Following Brogan's resignation, Bush appointed former Florida Senate President
Toni Jennings, with whom he had occasionally disagreed in regards to public policy, as
Lieutenant Governor.
Florida Cabinet
As Governor, Bush served as the chairman of the Florida Cabinet, which provides
collective governance over part of state government.
Other organizations
Bush was a member of the National Governors Association and the
Republican Governors Association.
2002 gubernatorial election
Before Bush's re-election, no Republican in Florida had ever been re-elected to serve a second term as the state's Governor.
In addition, there was likely no precedent for any Governor to be branded by the opposition as its "Number One Target" for
removal from office, as Bush was ranked in 2002. This was not merely a statewide effort to oust the Republican Governor, but a
much-publicized goal of the DNC and its highest leadership during the 2002
election cycle.
The Democratic primary race
Bush almost faced Janet Reno in the 2002 Florida Governor's race. However, a number of
other Democratic candidates also wanted to become Florida's next Governor, including Bill McBride. A prominent litigator with Holland &
Knight and a novice candidate, McBride was favored by national Democratic Party leaders in part because of his military
background and perceived ability to attract Florida's more conservative voters.
In the ensuing Democratic primary contest (where only Democratic voters could vote, pursuant to state primary laws),
circumstances surrounding McBride's victory outraged many voters in South Florida. Some voting venues – located in Reno's urban
strongholds of Broward County and Dade County, and operated by Democrats elected as county election officials – reportedly opened
hours late, and then ignored Bush's
Executive Order, issued at Reno's request, to stay open later to accommodate all voters. Bush subsequently removed Broward
County's Election Supervisor, Miriam Oliphant, from office.
The 2002 election results
In the closely watched Florida Governor's race that attracted national attention, Bush was re-elected in November 2002, becoming the first Republican in the state's history to be re-elected as Governor. Bush
defeated Democratic challenger Bill McBride with 56% to 43%, a greater margin of victory than in Bush's 1998 campaign for the
Governor's office. Bush also increased the number of counties in his victory column, winning several Florida counties for the
very first time.
In January 2007, Bush became only the second Florida Governor to complete two full four-year terms in office, the first being
Democrat Reubin O'Donovan Askew. (Bush was prevented from seeking a third term in
the 2006 election, due to term limits under state law.)
Bush made political history not only by becoming the first Republican Governor to ever win re-election in Florida, but also by
being the first Florida Governor to select a woman, Toni Jennings, to serve as Florida's
Lieutenant Governor. No woman had ever been appointed or elected to that high office in Florida's executive branch.
Bush is also the first state Governor to hold office while having a brother simultaneously serve as the nation's
president.
Political future
Bush was unable, due to term limits under state law, to seek a third term as Governor.
Some speculated that Bush would run against Florida's current Democratic senator, Bill
Nelson, in the 2006 U.S. Senate election, but he did not;
the Republican candidate was Katherine Harris, who lost to Nelson.
On November 9, 2004, Bush denied interest in running for
president in the 2008 election.[20] Nonetheless, a website selling "Jeb 2008" presidential bumper stickers and pins
opened up in 2005. In May 2006, President George Bush stated his younger brother would make a
"great president".[21] Bush has consistently denied plans
to run, has not established a national political action committee and he has
not set up an operation in the key early primary states of New Hampshire and
Iowa.
Political bases
Bush is popular among Cubans in Florida (winning 80% of the Cuban vote in 2002), and popular among non-Cuban Hispanics (56% in 2002, equaling the 56% he won statewide). As a longtime supporter of Israel,[22] Bush also maintains a
significant connection to Florida's Jewish voters. He was endorsed in his two winning Governor races
by a national Jewish publication, and won 44% of the state's Jewish vote in the 2002 Governor's race.[23] Many black voters support his focus on public education and parental choice in
education, and a number of Black Republican clubs have risen in Florida.[24] In his re-election in 2002, Bush surprised critics by winning[25] the white female vote in the swing-voting battleground of Central Florida's I-4
corridor. Most recently, he has reached out extensively to Florida's Haitian community.
Bush's impact on his political party
Bush's appeal to Florida's highly diverse group of voters, along with his groundbreaking second term and success in expanding
the so-called "big tent" of the Florida Republican Party, appear to have propelled him into a commanding political position.
Nationwide, American conservatives appear to be positive about Bush, seeing him as committed to upholding core conservative
principles.[26] Bush strives to personally keep in touch
with his base, such as when he emailed his thanks to his most devoted supporters on a conservative web site within 24 hours after
winning the 2002 Governor's race.[27] Throughout his two
administrations, Bush's office has touted his record of non–discrimination and rewarding merit, claiming he employs highly
qualified women, blacks and other minorities more often in top-level government positions than any previous Florida Governor.
Republican candidates in Florida seem to have likewise benefited from Bush's leadership, turning the state's Senate and House
of Representatives into solid Republican majorities during his time in office. Outside of Florida, fellow Republican leaders
throughout the country have sought Bush's aid both on and off the campaign trail. Bush's out-of-state campaign visits include
Kentucky, where Republican challenger Ernie Fletcher
appeared with Bush and won that state's governorship in 2003,[28] ending a 32-year streak of Democratic governors. On the West Coast, after Democratic Governor
Gray Davis was ousted in a California recall vote, Bush dispatched Florida's budget
director[29] to that state to lead an independent audit
of California's budget, at the request of the state's newly elected Republican Governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Bush's on-going interests
Bush has also been active in the neoconservative think tank Project for the New American Century, whose stated goal is to promote
American global leadership.
Since 2004, he has been serving a four-year term as a Board Member for the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB).[30] Created by Congress, this board’s purpose is to establish
policy on reports examining K-12 students’ academic progress in America’s public and private schools. In 2008, Bush will be
serving on the NAGB educational committee focused on Standards, Design and Methodology.
Bush as NFL commissioner
In May 2006, AP reported that Bush was privately
approached to become the next commissioner of the National Football
League.[31] This is said to be an interest of his,
but it was unknown whether or not he would take the position. The former commissioner, Paul
Tagliabue, announced that his tenure would soon be over and he is searching for replacements. "I'm flattered," Jeb Bush
said May 24, 2006 of the NFL's interest, "but I'm Governor of the state of Florida and I intend to be Governor until I leave --
which is January 2007. And I'm not going to consider any other options other than being Governor until I finish".[32] Roger Goodell
eventually became the new NFL commissioner.
Speech at D.C. Summit
On January 27, 2007 Bush spoke as the keynote speaker at the National Review Institute's Conservative Summit in Washington,
D.C. speaking about the Democratic take over in Congress he told political conservatives "we lost, and there are significant
reasons that happened, but it isn't because conservatives were rejected. It's because we rejected the conservative philosophy in
this country."[33] He told them
“don't…abandon conservative principles…we don't need to be the end all and be all for every special interest group, for every
constituent that you like, for every person that's given a fundraising check to your campaign, for everything that is just wrong
about public policy and politics”.[34] In
attendance at the summit was former chairman of the Republican National Committee Ed
Gillespie who said if he like Bush “left office with approval ratings above 60 percent…he might be in Des Moines today
[preparing for the presidential primary]”.[33] Bush denied rumors that he would run for President in 2008, but “when questioned did not
rule out running as a vice presidential candidate.”[34] He joked about being out of work for the first time in his life but said he is happy for the
opportunity to “take a pause.”[34]
New function
In April 2007, Jeb Bush joined Tenet Healthcare's board of directors.[35]
Electoral history
- 2002 Race for Governor
- 1998 Race for Governor
- 1994 Race for Governor
See also
References
Further reading
- Freedberg, Syndey P. "Jeb Bush: The Son Rises Away from Dad's Shadow." The Miami
Herald, August 15, 1994.
- Huffington, Arianna. "The latest Bush
hypocrisy". Salon.com, September 16,
2002.
- Viglucci, Andres and Alfonso Chardy. "Bush and business: Fast success, brushes with mystery". The Miami Herald, October
5, 2002.
- Yardley, William. "Jeb Bush: His early values shape his politics." The Miami Herald, September
22, 2002.
- Barnes, Fred. "Governor in Chief: Jeb Bush's remarkable eight years of achievement in Florida." The Weekly Standard,
June 12, 2006.
External links
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| Persondata |
| NAME |
Bush, Jeb |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES |
|
| SHORT DESCRIPTION |
Governor of Florida |
| DATE OF BIRTH |
February 11, 1953 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH |
Midland, Texas |
| DATE OF DEATH |
|
| PLACE OF DEATH |
|
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