Audie Murphy: Biography from Answers.com

Born near Kingston, Texas, Audie Murphy (1924-1971) won fame as the most decorated soldier in U.S. military history.

During World War II and for many years afterward, Audie Murphy personified heroism on the battlefield. His death-defying exploits were the stuff of legend, but to many Americans Murphy is a virtual unknown. As Don Graham observed in his biography of Murphy, "we prefer video fantasy-Rambo-a kind of MTV celebration of American machismo…. [But] Audie Murphy was the real thing…. And the real thing is always more interesting."

Audie Leon Murphy, the seventh of twelve children of Emmett "Pat, " a sharecropper, and Josie Murphy, was born June 20, 1924, in a Texas cotton field. Leon, as Audie was known until he went into the army, had chores to do at an early age, and when he was five years old, he was hoeing and picking cotton alongside his parents and siblings. There was no time for play and not much time for school, either. Murphy recalled years later, "It was a full-time job just existing."

Yet nearly everyone who knew Murphy during his childhood noted his intelligence and his determination to "be somebody." He loved to read and enjoyed listening to his uncles recount their experiences in World War I. To Murphy, it all seemed very glamorous and exciting.

In 1939, at the age of fifteen, Murphy dropped out of school for good and left home to seek work that would help the family. He held a series of low-paying odd jobs. Then, in 1940, his father walked out on the family, leaving them in dire straits. This turn of events took a heavy toll on Murphy's mother, and in May 1941, she died.

Murphy was devastated by his mother's death and bitterly resented his father. As he looked at his own life, however, he realized that he was headed down a similar path. His lack of education and opportunity meant that he would probably never be able to escape the poverty that had entrapped his family.

A war got Murphy out of Texas. Less than seven months after his mother died, the United States entered World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Like so many other eager young men, seventeen year old Murphy tried to enlist in the military. But at only 5'5" tall and 112 pounds, the baby-faced teenager (who looked even younger) was rejected by both the marines and the army because of his age. He tried again after he turned eighteen. The marines still weren't interested, but on June 30, 1942, he was officially inducted into the army and immediately sent to boot camp for combat infantry training. There he excelled at marksmanship and quickly developed into a well-disciplined soldier.

In late January 1943, Murphy shipped out to North Africa. Assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Division, he was sent to the island of Sicily on July 10. It was there that he began to compile his remarkable service record. Aggressive and audacious, yet levelheaded, Murphy proved to be the ideal soldier.

Murphy quickly discovered that war was not quite what he had expected it to be. "Ten seconds after the first shot was fired at me by an enemy soldier, combat was no longer glamorous, " he later observed. "But it was important, because all of a sudden I wanted very much to stay alive." Fear was always beside him, and he could sometimes feel his insides twist into knots. But as Murphy noted after the war, "Sometimes it takes more courage to get up and run than to stay. You either just do it or you don't. I got so scared the first day in combat I just decided to go along with it."

Murphy and his battalion headed north through Sicily. Their first enemy encounters were with Italian troops who proved to be easy to subdue. Then they came face-to-face with tougher and well-trained German soldiers. From his experiences in Sicily he gained what he termed "a healthy respect" for his German counterparts. By mid-August of 1943, however, Sicily was in Allied hands.

After a brief rest period near Naples in late November and early December of 1943, the 3rd Division received its next orders, an amphibious landing at Anzio, to be followed by a quick thrust north to Rome. Murphy missed the actual landing but he rejoined his division as they waited on the beachhead for reinforcements. The delay proved costly, however; within days, the Germans had moved some 125, 000 troops into position.

The Germans showered Allied ground troops with artillery fire, but nineteen year old Murphy distinguished himself when he stepped up to lead his men after his company commander was wounded. However, the Allies were no match for the Germans, and they were finally forced to retreat. They took refuge in cold, muddy foxholes and trenches for some five months while under constant fire. Meanwhile, Murphy was promoted to platoon leader.

Murphy earned his first medal, the Bronze Star, in March of 1944 for singlehandedly knocking out a German tank. He received two more awards in May, the Combat Infantryman Badge, which set him apart from soldiers who had not been under fire, and the 1st Oak Leaf Cluster to the Bronze Star Medal, which recognized his "exemplary conduct in ground combat against an armed enemy."

The 3rd Division's next assignment was to land on the coast of southern France to start driving north along the country's eastern border. Beginning August 15, 1944, the story of Murphy's exploits becomes "simply incredible, " to quote his biographer.

Murphy encountered a hill dotted with German machine-gun nests that were protecting a big gun aimed at the coast. He headed up the hill alone, methodically destroying several of the machine-gun nests along the way. Suddenly, his best friend in the unit appeared at his side and insisted on staying with him. Then, as Murphy and his buddy engaged enemy troops in a gun battle, the Germans indicated they were ready to surrender. Murphy was suspicious, but his friend stood up to acknowledge the gesture and was immediately gunned down. In a burst of fury, Murphy killed the Germans who had shot his friend and continued on his rampage up the hill, taking out another machine-gun nest and eventually securing the area for the Allies. For his actions, he won the Distinguished Service Cross, the second-highest U.S. Army medal for valor.

From then on, Murphy absolutely craved action and sought it out whenever and wherever possible. He astounded his fellow soldiers by volunteering for one dangerous assignment after another; he was especially adept at stalking and killing snipers. On September 15, 1944, he was wounded for the first time, but after just a few days in the hospital for treatment, he was back on the front lines. Offered a promotion to second lieutenant in the wake of his heroics, Murphy turned it down, expressing embarrassment about his lack of formal education and indicating his desire to remain with the men he had fought with for so long.

In eastern France during the fall of 1944, Murphy earned two Silver Stars. The first was for saving his commanding officer. His second was awarded for actions he took to destroy a well-camouflaged machine-gun and sniper outpost. In the end, Murphy received a promotion to second lieutenant, which he accepted on the condition that he could remain with his company.

Murphy was wounded for a second time on October 26, 1944, when a shot from a sniper glanced off a tree and struck him. Three days passed before he could be evacuated, and by the time he made it to the hospital, the wound had become gangrenous. He spent the next two months out of action, but was back on the front lines by mid-January of 1945, during the coldest and snowiest winter Europe had seen in twenty-five years.

When Murphy rejoined his regiment, it was preparing to clear the Germans out of a much-disputed territory on the border of Germany and France. The task proved to be an arduous one; American ground troops were ill-equipped to endure the harsh weather. Meanwhile, Murphy sustained his third war wound. The injury did not require medical attention, so he kept fighting. He was placed in command of Company B after its first lieutenant was badly wounded. With that, Murphy became the sole officer in a company that had once numbered over 200 men but was now down to only 18.

On January 26, 1945, Murphy's courage under fire earned him the nation's highest honor for personal bravery and self-sacrifice in combat, the Congressional Medal of Honor. Murphy and his men were ordered to take up a position and hold it. Less than two dozen Americans protected by two tank destroyers then squared off against some 200 enemy soldiers backed up by six tanks. In the opening minutes of the battle, Company B's machine-gun squad was wiped out, one of its tank destroyers slid into a ditch and had to be abandoned, and the other tank destroyer was hit by artillery fire. Murphy figured the end was near as he realized how outnumbered he and his men were.

Ordering his men to retreat, Murphy stayed and directed artillery fire into the area while emptying his gun at the advancing Germans. He then spotted the burning tank destroyer about ten yards away and noticed that its machine gun appeared to be undamaged. He ran over, jumped on the tank destroyer's turret, and started firing the machine gun as he continued to direct the ongoing artillery barrage. He kept up this attack on his own for at least thirty minutes and perhaps as long as an hour, killing or wounding some fifty enemy soldiers. Finally, the Germans were forced to withdraw. After being knocked unconscious momentarily, Murphy came to and started walking, weak, exhausted, and in a bit of a daze, but miraculously unscathed except for a slight reinjury to his legs. From a distance, he heard the tank destroyer explode.

Murphy then threw himself back into battle, hammering at the Germans as they retreated east toward the Rhine River. By February, most of the enemy forces that were still west of the Rhine had surrendered. This gave the 3rd Division some time to relax a bit, followed by another couple of weeks of rest well behind the lines. During this period, Murphy was promoted to first lieutenant. At the end of the month, training began for an invasion of Germany.

Murphy did not join his men on the front lines this time. To keep him out of combat, his superiors had assigned him to serve as a liaison officer with the 15th Infantry. (The Army did not want to see one of its Congressional Medal of Honor winners die in battle.) Murphy nevertheless managed to involve himself in some dangerous situations from time to time, including one instance in which he raced to the front lines to lead his beloved Company B out of danger.

Murphy spent the remaining weeks of the war engaging in similar operations that suited his taste for action and thrills. The end of the conflict found him on a train to the French Riviera, where he had hoped to enjoy a little rest and relaxation before resuming command of Company B at its headquarters just outside Salzburg, Austria. It was there that Murphy officially received his Congressional Medal of Honor on June 2, 1945, a few weeks shy of his twenty-first birthday. The ceremony capped a truly remarkable two years that saw him become the most decorated soldier in U.S. history. Murphy was ultimately awarded a total of thirty-seven medals, eleven of which were for valor.

Murphy returned to the United States a larger-than-life hero, a shy Texan whose smiling face adorned the covers of news magazines. He marched in victory parades and made personal appearances before cheering crowds. Yet Murphy's postwar life was notable for its modest successes and major troubles. Restless, he couldn't seem to find his niche and took little pleasure in an ordinary existence. In late 1945, he headed to Hollywood to pursue a film career. Although he appeared in a string of low-budget westerns and war movies over a twenty-year period, he turned in only a couple of truly noteworthy performances. In 1951, he played a young Civil War soldier in The Red Badge of Courage that garnered him his best reviews. Four years later, in 1955, he played himself in the movie version of his autobiography, To Hell and Back, which proved to be a hit with critics and at the box office. In the early 1960s, he dabbled in songwriting and produced a number of country-western tunes.

Murphy's personal life was also unsettled. Plagued by recurring nightmares, he slept with a loaded gun under his pillow for many years. He suffered tremendous guilt about the war and agonized over friends who never made it back. He became hooked on prescription drugs. Gambling, womanizing, and involvement in various business schemes caused him to lose most of his money. By the late 1960s, Murphy's many setbacks had left him bankrupt. One of the lowest points in his life came in 1970 when he was charged with assault after he beat up a man and fired a shot at him during an argument. He was eventually acquitted, but the negative publicity generated by the case proved tough to live down.

On May 28, 1971, Murphy died along with five others in a plane crash while on a business trip. In a ceremony befitting the hero that he had once been, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors. Yet his passing went almost unnoticed by the media. To a nation that was torn by the Vietnam War, there was little respect for the kind of traditional military valor that a soldier like Murphy represented.

Audie L. Murphy

Born	(1924-06-20)June 20, 1924 Kingston, Hunt County, Texas, U.S.
Died	May 28, 1971(1971-05-28) (aged 46) Brush Mountain near Catawba or Roanoke, Virginia, U.S.
Buried at	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army Army National Guard
Years of service	1942–1945 (US Army) 1950–1966 (Texas National Guard)
Rank	First Lieutenant (USA) Major (TNG)
Unit	15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division (USA) 36th Infantry Division (TNG)
Battles/wars	World War II Italy: Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Rome France: Operation Dragoon, Holtzwihr ^[1]
Awards	Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross Silver Star Legion of Merit Bronze Star Purple Heart French Legion of Honor French Croix de Guerre Belgian Croix de guerre^[1]
Other work	Actor, songwriter

Early life

Childhood

Murphy was born in Kingston, Hunt County, Texas,^[7]^{[dead link]} to poor sharecroppers of Irish descent,^[4] Emmett Berry Murphy (February 20, 1886–September 20, 1976), and his wife, Josie Bell (née Killian; 1891–1941)^[8] He grew up on farms in the Farmersville and Greenville areas, and near Celeste, Texas. He was the sixth of twelve children,^[8] two of whom died before reaching adulthood.^[1] His siblings were, by age in descending order: Elizabeth Corinne (May 5, 1910 – March 28, 1980), Charles Emmett "Buck" Vernon (b. 1915 – d. 1919), Ariel June, Oneta (b. 1918 – d. 1919), J.W. (b. 1920 – d. 1920), Richard Houston (b. February 16, 1926 – d. 1954 or 1959), Eugene Porter, Verda Nadine, Willie Beatrice "Billie", and Joseph Preston (b. February 19, 1935 – d. January 29, 1968).^[9]

Audie attended elementary school in Celeste until his father abandoned the family in 1936. Audie dropped out in the fifth grade to help support his family. He worked for one dollar per day, plowing and picking cotton on any farm that would hire him. Murphy became very skilled with a rifle, hunting small game like squirrels, rabbits, and birds to help feed the family.^[1] One of his favorite hunting companions was neighbor Dial Henley. When Henley commented that Murphy never missed what he shot at, Murphy replied, "Well, Dial, if I don't hit what I shoot at, my family won't eat today."^[10] On May 23, 1941, his mother died. He worked at a combination general store, garage and gas station in Greenville. Boarded out, he worked in a radio repair shop. Later that year, with the approval of his older, married sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Corinne Burns (sometimes referred to as "Corrine"), who was unable to help, Murphy placed his three youngest siblings in an orphanage to ensure their care. He reclaimed them after World War II.^{[citation needed]}

Enlistment

Murphy had long dreamed of joining the military. After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Murphy tried to enlist in the military, but the services rejected him because he was underage.^[5]

In June 1942, shortly after what he and his sister Corrine believed was his 17th birthday, Corrine adjusted his birth date so he appeared to be 18 and legally able to enlist. His war memoirs, To Hell and Back, maintained this misinformation, leading to later confusion and contradictory statements about his year of birth.^[11]

The 5 ft 5 inch (166.4 cm) and 110 pound (50 kg) Murphy tried once again to enlist, but was declined by both the Marines and Army paratroopers as too short and underweight. The Navy also turned him down for being underweight.^[4] The United States Army finally accepted him ^[5] and he was inducted at Greenville^[8] and sent to Camp Wolters, Texas for basic training.^[1]^[8] During a session of close order drill, he passed out. His company commander tried to have him transferred to a cook and bakers' school but Murphy insisted on becoming a combat soldier, and after 13 weeks of basic training, he was sent to Fort Meade, Maryland for advanced infantry training.^[1]^[8]

Battles

Murphy still had to "fight the system" to get overseas and into action. His persistence paid off, and in early 1943 he was shipped out to Casablanca, Morocco as a replacement in 3rd Platoon, Baker Company, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division.^[5] Murphy saw no action in Africa, but instead participated in extensive training maneuvers along with the rest of the 3rd Division. His combat initiation finally came when he took part in the invasion of Sicily on July 10, 1943.^[1]^[5] Shortly after arriving, Murphy was promoted to corporal^[1] after killing two Italian officers as they tried to escape on horseback. He contracted malaria while in Sicily, an illness which put him in the hospital several times during his Army years.

After Sicily was secured from Axis forces, the 3rd Division invaded the Italian mainland, landing near Salerno^[1] in September 1943.^[5] While leading a night patrol, Murphy and his men ran into German soldiers but fought their way out of an ambush, taking cover in a quarry.^[1] The German command sent a squad of soldiers in, but they were stopped by intense machine-gun and rifle fire.^[1] Three German soldiers were killed and several others captured. As a result of his actions at Salerno, Murphy was promoted to sergeant.^[1]

He distinguished himself in action on many occasions while in Italy, fighting at the Volturno River,^[5] at the Anzio beachhead,^[5] and in the cold, wet Italian mountains. While in Italy, his skills as a combat infantryman earned him promotions and decorations for valor.^[5] Following its participation in the Italian campaign, the 3rd Division landed in Southern France on August 15, 1944 as part of Operation Dragoon.^[5] Shortly thereafter, Murphy's best friend, Lattie Tipton (referred to as "Brandon" in Murphy's book To Hell and Back), was killed by a German soldier in a machine gun nest who was feigning surrender.^[1] Murphy went into a rage and single-handedly wiped out the German machine gun crew which had just killed his friend.^[1] He then used the German machine gun and grenades to destroy several other nearby enemy positions. For this act, Murphy received the Distinguished Service Cross^[1] (second in precedence only to the Medal of Honor).

During seven weeks of fighting in that campaign in France, Murphy's division suffered 4,500 casualties.^[5] Just weeks later, he received two Silver Stars for further heroic actions.^[1] Murphy, by now a staff sergeant and holding the position of platoon sergeant, was eventually awarded a battlefield commission to second lieutenant, which elevated him to platoon leader.^[1] He was wounded in the hip by a sniper's ricocheting bullet 12 days after the promotion and spent ten weeks recuperating. Within days of returning to his unit, and still bandaged, he became company commander on January 25, 1945 and suffered further wounds from a mortar round which killed two others nearby.^[1]

Medal of Honor action

The next day, January 26 (the temperature was 14 °F (−10 °C) with 24 inches (61 cm) of snow on the ground), his unit participated in the battle at Holtzwihr, France.^[1]^[5] 48°7′21.99″N 7°15.27′40″E / 48.122775°N 7.26561°E / 48.122775; 7.26561 After fighting for some time, Murphy's unit was reduced to an effective strength of 19 out of 128. Murphy sent all of the remaining men to the rear^[5] while he shot at the Germans with his M1 carbine until he ran out of ammunition. He then climbed aboard an abandoned, burning M10 tank destroyer and used its .50 caliber machine gun^[1] to cut down the German infantry,^[5] including one full squad of German infantry who crawled in a ditch to within 100 feet (30 m) of his position. He was able to call in artillery fire using a land-line telephone and, under heavy fire, was wounded in the leg.^[1]^[5] He nonetheless continued his nearly single-handed battle for almost an hour.^[1]^[5] He only stopped fighting when his telephone line to the artillery fire direction center was cut by enemy artillery. As his remaining men moved forward, he quickly organized them into a counter-attack^[1]^[5] which ultimately drove the enemy from Holtzwihr. For these actions, Murphy was awarded the Medal of Honor.^[1]^[5]

When asked after the war why he had seized the machine gun and taken on an entire company of German infantry, he replied simply, "They were killing my friends."^[12]^[13]

Murphy was removed from the front lines and made a liaison officer. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on February 22, 1945. On June 2, 1945, Lt. Gen. Alexander Patch, commander of the US Seventh Army, presented him with the Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit. The Legion of Merit was given to him for meritorious service with the 3rd Infantry Division in France from January 22 to February 18, 1945. On June 10, Murphy left Paris by plane and arrived in San Antonio, Texas four days later.

Murphy was awarded 33 U.S. decorations and medals, five medals from France, and one from Belgium.^[1]^[5] He received every U.S. decoration for valor available to Army ground personnel at the time.^[13] He earned the Silver Star twice in three days, two Bronze Star Medals, three Purple Hearts, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Medal of Honor.^[13]

Awards, Honors, and Rank

Medal of Honor citation

The official U.S. Army citation for Murphy's Medal of Honor reads:^[1]^[14]

Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company B 15th Infantry, 3rd Infantry Division.

Place and date: Near Holtzwihr France, January 26, 1945.

Entered service at: Dallas, Texas. Birth: Hunt County, near Kingston, Texas, G.O. No. 65, August 9, 1944.

Citation: Second Lt. Murphy commanded Company B, which was attacked by six tanks and waves of infantry. 2d Lt. Murphy ordered his men to withdraw to a prepared position in a woods, while he remained forward at his command post and continued to give fire directions to the artillery by telephone. Behind him, to his right, one of our tank destroyers received a direct hit and began to burn. Its crew withdrew to the woods. 2d Lt. Murphy continued to direct artillery fire, which killed large numbers of the advancing enemy infantry. With the enemy tanks abreast of his position, 2d Lt. Murphy climbed on the burning tank destroyer, which was in danger of blowing up at any moment, and employed its .50 caliber machine gun against the enemy. He was alone and exposed to German fire from three sides, but his deadly fire killed dozens of Germans and caused their infantry attack to waver. The enemy tanks, losing infantry support, began to fall back. For an hour the Germans tried every available weapon to eliminate 2d Lt. Murphy, but he continued to hold his position and wiped out a squad that was trying to creep up unnoticed on his right flank. Germans reached as close as 10 yards, only to be mowed down by his fire. He received a leg wound, but ignored it and continued his single-handed fight until his ammunition was exhausted. He then made his way back to his company, refused medical attention, and organized the company in a counterattack, which forced the Germans to withdraw. His directing of artillery fire wiped out many of the enemy; he killed or wounded about 50. 2d Lt. Murphy's indomitable courage and his refusal to give an inch of ground saved his company from possible encirclement and destruction, and enabled it to hold the woods which had been the enemy's objective.^[1]^[14]

Awards

Audie Murphy on the cover of Life for July 16, 1945, got him seen in Hollywood.

Murphy was credited with destroying six tanks in addition to killing over 240 German soldiers and wounding and capturing many others.^[5] His principal U.S. decorations included the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, two Silver Stars, the Legion of Merit, two Bronze Stars with Valor device, and three Purple Hearts. Murphy participated in campaigns in North Africa, Sicily, Italy, France and Germany, as denoted by his European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver battle star (denoting five campaigns), four bronze battle stars, plus a bronze arrowhead representing his two amphibious assault landings at Sicily and southern France. During the French Campaign, Murphy was awarded two Presidential Citations, one from the 3rd Inf, Division, and one from the 15th Inf. Regiment during the Holtzwihr action.

Audie's award for the Légion d'honneur.

The French government awarded Murphy its Chevalier of the Legion of Honor.^[15] He also received two Croix de guerre medals from France^[15] and the Croix de guerre 1940 Palm from Belgium.^[15] Murphy was also awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge. (A complete list of his awards and decorations appears later in this article.) He spent 29 months overseas and just under two years in combat with the 3rd Infantry Division, all before he turned 21.^[5]

In early June 1945, one month after Germany's surrender, he returned from Europe to a hero's welcome in his home state of Texas,^[5] where he was feted with parades, banquets, and speeches. Murphy was discharged from active duty with the U.S. Army as a First Lieutenant, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio on August 17, 1945,^[8] and discharged from the U.S. Army on September 21, 1945.^[1]^[5]

He garnered nationwide recognition, appearing on the cover of Life magazine for July 16, 1945 as the "most decorated soldier". After the Korean War broke out in June 1950, Murphy joined the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas National Guard; however, that division was not called up for combat duty. By the time he left the Guard in 1966, he had attained the rank of Major.

His medals and awards are on display at the Dallas Scottish Rite Temple Museum and the China Room of the 15th Infantry Regiment (Kelley Hill, Fort Benning, Georgia).

Awards and decorations

	Medal of Honor
	Distinguished Service Cross
	Silver Star (with oak leaf cluster)
	Legion of Merit
	Bronze Star (with oak leaf cluster and Valor device)
	Purple Heart (with two oak leaf clusters)
	Department of the Army Outstanding Civilian Service Award
	U.S. Army Good Conduct Medal
	Presidential Unit Citation (with oak leaf cluster)
	American Campaign Medal
	European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (with one silver service star & four bronze service stars, representing nine campaigns, and one bronze arrowhead, representing assault landing at Sicily and Southern France)
	World War II Victory Medal
	Army of Occupation Medal (with Germany Clasp)
	Armed Forces Reserve Medal
	French Legion of Honor - Grade of Chevalier
	French Croix de guerre (with Silver Star)
	French Croix de guerre (with Palm)
	Medal of Liberated France
	Belgian Croix de guerre (with 1940 Palm)
	French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre

Combat Infantryman Badge
Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar
Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar
^[16]

Dates of rank

Rank	Date	Component
Private	June 30, 1942	Army of the United States
Private First Class	May 7, 1943	Army of the United States
Corporal	July 15, 1943	Army of the United States
Sergeant	December 13, 1943	Army of the United States
Staff Sergeant	January 13, 1944	Army of the United States
Second Lieutenant	October 14, 1944	Army of the United States
First Lieutenant	February 16, 1945	Army of the United States
First Lieutenant	August 21, 1945	Officers Reserve Corps
Captain	June 14, 1950	Texas National Guard
Captain	October 19, 1950	National Guard of the United States
Major	February 14, 1956	Texas National Guard
Major	February 14, 1956	National Guard of the United States
Major	November 8, 1966	United States Army Reserve
Major	May 22, 1969	United States Army Retired Reserve

^[17]

Movie career

in Red Badge of Courage (1951)

After seeing the young hero's photo on the cover of the July 16 edition of Life Magazine and sensing star potential, actor James Cagney invited Murphy to Hollywood in September 1945. Despite Cagney's expectations, the next few years in California were difficult for Murphy. He became disillusioned by the lack of work, was frequently broke, and slept on the floor of a gymnasium owned by his friend Terry Hunt. He eventually received token acting parts in the 1948 films Beyond Glory and Texas, Brooklyn and Heaven.^[5] His third movie, Bad Boy, gave him his first leading role.^[4]

He also starred in the 1951 adaptation of Stephen Crane's Civil War novel, The Red Badge of Courage, which earned critical success.^[5] Murphy expressed great discomfort in playing himself in To Hell and Back. In 1959, he starred in the western No Name on the Bullet, in which his performance was well-received despite being cast as the villain, a professional killer who managed to stay within the law.

First starring role

After returning home from World War II, Murphy bought a house in Farmersville, Texas for his oldest sister Corrine, her husband Poland Burns, and their three children. His three youngest siblings, Nadine, Billie, and Joe, had been living in an orphanage since Murphy's mother's death, He intended that they would be able to live with Corrine and Poland. However, six children under one roof proved difficult for Corrine and Poland to parent, and Murphy took his siblings to live with him.

Despite a lot of post-war publicity, his acting career had not progressed and he had difficulty making a living. Buck, Murphy's oldest brother, and his wife agreed to take Nadine in, but Murphy could not find a home for Joe. He approached James "Skipper" Cherry, a Dallas theater owner who was involved with the Variety Clubs International Boy's Ranch, a 4,800 acres (19 km²) ranch near Copperas Cove, Texas. He arranged for Joe to live at the Boy's Ranch. Joe was very happy there and Murphy was able to frequently visit his brother as well as his friend Cherry. In a 1973 interview, Cherry recalled, "He was discouraged and somewhat despondent concerning his movie career."^{[citation needed]}

Variety Clubs International was financing a film Bad Boy to help promote the organization's work with troubled children. Cherry called Texas theater executive Paul Short, who was producing the film, to suggest that they consider giving Murphy a significant role in the movie. Murphy performed well in the screen test, but the president of Allied Artists did not want to cast someone in a major role with so little acting experience. Cherry, Short, and other Texas theater owners decided that they wanted Murphy to play the lead or would not finance the film. The producers agreed and Murphy's performance was well received by Hollywood. As a result of the film, Universal Studios signed Murphy to a seven-year studio contract. After a few box-office hits at Universal, the studio bosses gave Murphy increased scope in choosing his roles.^{[citation needed]}

Autobiography To Hell and Back

Murphy's 1949 autobiography To Hell and Back became a national bestseller. The book was ghostwritten by his friend David "Spec" McClure, already a professional writer.^[18] Murphy modestly described some of his most heroic actions—without portraying himself as a hero. He did not mention any of the many decorations he received, but praised the skills, bravery, and dedication of the other members of his platoon. Murphy even attributed a song he had written to "Kerrigan".^[19]^:183

Murphy portrayed himself in the 1955 film version of his book with the same title, To Hell and Back. Murphy was initially reluctant to star in To Hell and Back, fearing it would appear he was cashing in on his war experience. He suggested Tony Curtis for the role. In To Hell and Back, unlike most Hollywood films, where the same soldiers serve throughout the movie, Murphy's comrades are killed or wounded as they were in real life. At the film's end, Murphy is the only member of his original unit remaining. At the ceremony where Murphy is awarded the Medal of Honor, the ghostly images of his dead friends are depicted. This insistence on reality has been attributed to Murphy and his desire to honor his fallen friends.^{[citation needed]}

The film grossed almost US$10 million during its initial theatrical release, and at the time became Universal Studios's biggest hit of the studio's 43-year history. The movie held the record as the company's highest-grossing motion picture until 1975, when it was surpassed by Steven Spielberg's Jaws.^{[citation needed]}

Audie Murphy's oldest son, Terry, portrayed Audie's younger brother Joseph Preston "Joe" Murphy (at age four).^[20]

The film was introduced by General Walter Bedell Smith, United States Army, Retired. During World War II, Smith had served as Chief of Staff to General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Harold B. Simpson's 1975 comprehensive biography, Audie Murphy, American Soldier, covers the breadth of Murphy's life. The book emphasizes his military exploits, and includes photos, maps, and battle-maneuver diagrams. Murphy's post-war career is also well-documented.^{[citation needed]}

Filmography

Murphy's films earned him close to $3 million in his 23 years as an actor.^[4]^{[unreliable source?]} He also appeared in several television shows, including the lead in the short-lived 1961 NBC western detective series Whispering Smith. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Murphy has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1601 Vine Street.

Texas, Brooklyn and Heaven (1948)
Beyond Glory (1948)
Bad Boy (1949)
The Kid from Texas (1950)
Sierra (1950)
Kansas Raiders (1950)
The Red Badge of Courage (1951)
The Cimarron Kid (1952)
The Duel at Silver Creek (1952)
Gunsmoke (1953)
Column South (1953)
Tumbleweed (1953)
Ride Clear of Diablo (1954)
Drums Across the River (1954)
Destry (1954)
To Hell and Back (1955)
World in My Corner (1956)
Walk the Proud Land (1956)
The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957)
Joe Butterfly (1957)
Night Passage (1957)
Suspicion (TV anthology series) - episode: The Flight (1957)
The Quiet American (1958)
General Electric Theater (TV anthology series) - episode: "Incident" (1958)
Ride a Crooked Trail (1958)
The Gun Runners (1958)
No Name on the Bullet (1959)
The Wild and the Innocent (1959)
Cast a Long Shadow (1959)
Startime (TV anthology series) - episode: The Man (1960)
Hell Bent for Leather (1960)
The Unforgiven (1960)
Seven Ways from Sundown (1960)
Posse from Hell (1961)
Whispering Smith (1961) TV Series - 26 episodes^[21]
Battle at Bloody Beach (1961)
Six Black Horses (1962)
Showdown (1963)
War is Hell (1963) - narrator
Gunfight at Comanche Creek (1963)
The Quick Gun (1964)
Bullet for a Badman (1964)
Apache Rifles (1964)
Arizona Raiders (1965)
Gunpoint (1966)
Trunk to Cairo (1966)
The Texican (1966)
40 Guns to Apache Pass (1967)
A Time for Dying (1969)

Box Office Ranking

At the height of his career, exhibitors voted Murphy one of the most popular stars in the US and Canada:

1955 - 15th most popular star^[22]
1956 - 17th most popular star^[23]
1957 - 21st most popular star^[24]

Music career

In addition to acting, Murphy also became successful as a country music songwriter. He teamed up with musicians and composers including Guy Mitchell, Jimmy Bryant, Scott Turner, Coy Ziegler, Ray and Terri Eddlemon. Murphy's songs were recorded and released by well-known artists including Dean Martin, Eddy Arnold, Charley Pride, Jimmy Bryant, Porter Waggoner, Jerry Wallace, Roy Clark, and Harry Nilsson. His two biggest hits were "Shutters and Boards" and "When the Wind Blows in Chicago".^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Post-war illness

Murphy was reportedly plagued by insomnia, bouts of depression, and nightmares related to his numerous battles throughout his life. When Murphy did sleep it was with a loaded pistol under his pillow. His first wife, Wanda Hendrix, often talked of his struggle with this condition, even claiming that he had held her at gunpoint once. For a time during the mid-1960s, he became dependent on doctor-prescribed sleeping pills called Placidyl. When he recognized that he had become addicted to the drug, he locked himself in a motel room where he took himself off the pills, going through withdrawal for a week.^{[citation needed]}

Always an advocate of the needs of America's military veterans, Murphy eventually broke the taboo about publicly discussing war-related mental conditions. In an effort to draw attention to the problems of returning Korean and Vietnam War veterans, Murphy spoke out candidly about his own problems with PTSD, known then and during World War II as "battle fatigue". He called on the United States government to give increased consideration and study to the emotional impact that combat experiences have on veterans, and to extend health care benefits to address PTSD and other mental-health problems suffered by returning war veterans.

Murphy married actress Wanda Hendrix in 1949; they were divorced in 1951. He then married former airline stewardess Pamela Archer, by whom he had two children: Terrance Michael "Terry" Murphy (born 1952) and James Shannon "Skipper" Murphy (born 1954). They were named for two of his most respected friends, Terry Hunt and James "Skipper" Cherry, respectively. Murphy became a successful actor, rancher, and businessman,^[5] breeding and raising Quarter Horses. He owned ranches in Texas, Tucson, Arizona and Menifee, California.^[4]

Attempted murder trial

In July, 1970, Murphy was charged with assault with intent to murder and battery for a backyard brawl involving Burbank, California dog trainer David Gofstein.^[25] Murphy and a friend had allegedly beaten and kicked Gofstein because of an alleged overcharge for the training of a dog named "Rommel" (named after General Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel of the German armed forces) owned by a lady friend of Murphy's by Gofstein. Murphy was tried in October, 1970,^[26] and subsequently acquitted after his testimony that he had acted in self-defense.^[27]

Death

Murphy's headstone

On May 28, 1971, Murphy was killed when the private plane in which he was a passenger crashed into Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia, 20 miles west of Roanoke, Virginia in conditions of rain, clouds/fog and zero visibility.^[5] The pilot and four other passengers were also killed.^[28] The aircraft was a twin engine Aero Commander 680 with registration number N601JJ, flown by a pilot who had private-pilot license and a reported 8,000 hours of flying time, but who held no instrument rating. The aircraft was recovered on May 31, 1971.^[29]

In 1974, a large granite^[30] marker was erected at 37°21′52″N 80°13′33″W / 37.364554°N 80.225748°W / 37.364554; -80.225748 (Audie Murphy’s headstone) at 3,100' elevation, near the crash site. A close friend, Captain Carl Swickerath (whose own burial site is now directly in front of Murphy's), represented the Murphy family at the dedication.

Monument at the site of the plane crash in which Audie Murphy died

On June 7, 1971, Murphy was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.^[5] The official U.S. representative at the ceremony was decorated World War II veteran and future President George H. W. Bush. Murphy's grave site is in Section 46, headstone number 46-366-11, located across Memorial Drive from the Amphitheater.^[5] A special flagstone walkway was later constructed to accommodate the large number of people who visit to pay their respects.^[5] It is the second most-visited grave site, after that of President John F. Kennedy.^[5]

The headstones of Medal of Honor recipients buried at Arlington National Cemetery are normally decorated in gold leaf. Murphy previously requested that his stone remain plain and inconspicuous,^[5] like that of an ordinary soldier. An unknown person maintains a small American flag next to his engraved Government-issue headstone, which reads as follows:

Audie L. Murphy, Texas. Major, Infantry, World War II. June 20, 1924 to May 28, 1971. Medal of Honor, DSC, SS & OLC, LM, BSM & OLC, PH & 2 OLC.

(Key to abbreviations: DSC = Distinguished Service Cross; SS = Silver Star; LM = Legion of Merit; BSM = Bronze Star Medal; PH = Purple Heart; OLC = Oak Leaf Cluster.)

An Oak Leaf Cluster signifies a subsequent award of the same decoration. First Lieutenant Murphy was one of very few company-grade officers ever to be awarded the Legion of Merit. That decoration is usually awarded only to officers of the rank of lieutenant colonel and above. At his funeral, a friend noted "Like the man, the headstone is too small".^{[citation needed]}

Questions arose about the nature of the plane crash that claimed Murphy's life. In April 1971, Murphy had sought the release of his friend, Teamster Union president Jimmy Hoffa, from federal prison on conviction in 1964 of jury tampering. (Murphy had tried to persuade Edward Grady Partin of Baton Rouge, the Teamsters business agent who had provided immunized testimony against Hoffa, to recant his earlier claims.^[31]) Following Murphy's death, Arthur Egan, who had worked with Murphy in the bid to get Hoffa freed, said he suspected that the fatal plane crash was not an accident. However, Hoffa was freed seven months after Murphy's death and no forensic evidence has arisen to suggest the plane crash was in any way connected to the Hoffa case or not the result of an accident.^[31]

Other honors

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

A number of schools and other buildings have been named after Murphy, and he has been the subject of several statues.

July 8, 1948: Murphy was awarded the title of “Honorary Citizen” of Ramatuelle, France by the municipal council, under the presidency of Mainaur Bathisi Henri, Mayor of the Commune.
July 17, 1948: In Paris, France, Murphy was made an honorary member in the 159th French Alpine Regiment.
February 12, 1949: During special and unprecedented ceremonies at Texas A&M University, Murphy became the first honorary cadet Colonel in the history of the institution, thus making him an Aggie.
February 15, 1949: Murphy was made an honorary member of the Texas Rangers in the Governor's office. This was followed up on July 2, 1949 when Murphy was presented with a second Honorary Commission in the Texas Rangers in ceremonies at Falfurrias, Texas.
February 14, 1955: Initiated into the Scottish Rite of Long Beach, California and became 32 degree KCCH Mason on 12-11-65
February 9, 1960: Murphy received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1971: The Audie Murphy Patriotism Award is named in honor of Murphy. The Chamber of Commerce of Decatur, Alabama instituted the Audie Murphy Patriotism Award to take place during their "Spirit of America Festival". Murphy was to have been the first recipient, but was killed, Memorial Day Weekend, May 28, 1971. His widow, Pamela, accepted on his behalf.
November 11, 1972: a bronze plaque, 21-3/4” x 31 –3/4”, honoring the memory of Murphy, was accepted for permanent and prominent display in the lobby of Patriotic Hall, County of Los Angeles, Department of Military and Veterans Affairs at 1816 South Figueroa Street.
On November 17, 1973, the Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital in San Antonio, Texas was dedicated. Outside, there is a one-tonne bronze, eight-foot-tall statue of Murphy. Inside the hospital, a museum depicts his life and contains items including his uniform, other clothing, books and pictures.^{[citation needed]}
November 10, 1974: At the Audie L. Murphy Crash Memorial Site, Brush Mountain, Virginia stands a plaque in tribute to Murphy at the site of his death. The plaque is mounted on the large granite stone and was erected by the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Post 5311, Christiansburg, Virginia.
1981: Murphy inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.
August 23, 1985: During the Third Annual Western Stars Awards in Woodland Hills, California, the Golden Boot Award, a Special Memorial Award in honor of Murphy, was presented to Mrs. Pamela Murphy.
April 23, 1986: Murphy was posthumously inducted into the Alamo Area National Guard Hall of Fame during ceremonies in San Antonio, Texas. Murphy was the seventh Hall of Fame Honoree.
September 1, 1986, the U.S. Army established the Sergeant Audie Murphy Club at Fort Hood, Texas, "an elite organization of noncommissioned officers (NCOs) who have demonstrated performance and inherent leadership qualities and abilities characterized by those of Sergeant Audie Murphy."^[32]
October 14, 1991: The West African nation of Sierra Leone issued a set of 12 stamps recognizing key World War II Motion Pictures. One stamp, Le 2 value, honors Murphy in “To Hell and Back” (Scott No. 1409).
October 18, 1993: The country of Guyana issued a set of 11 stamps in tribute to World War II. One stamp, $6.40 value, recognizes Murphy's Medal of Honor action on January 26, 1945 (Scott No. 2697).
July 20, 1995: Nevis Island of St. Kitts and Nevis, one of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies, an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations, issued a souvenir sheet of stamps commemorating the 50th Anniversary of The End of World War II. The sheet consists of eight stamps each with a value of $1.25; one stamp honors Murphy. (Scott No. 2446)
March 16, 1996: The Country Music Association of Texas honored and inducted Murphy into their Hall of Fame during ceremonies which took place at the VFW Post # 3892 in Harker Heights, Texas.
March 16, 1996: The National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center inducted Murphy into their Hall of Fame during ceremonies in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the "35th Annual Western Heritage Awards".
June 1996 the Texas Legislature officially declared his birthdate, June 20, as "Audie Murphy Day".
U.S. Highway 69 North, from North Greenville city limits to Fannin County line was renamed as the Audie Murphy Memorial Highway.
June 20, 1996: House Concurrent Resolution (H.C.R. No. 46) resolved that the House accept for and in behalf of the State of Texas, the oil painting of Murphy in uniform by Dallas, Texas artist Kipp Soldwedel. Furthermore, it was resolved that this portrait be appropriately hung in a place of honor in the State Capitol Building with the portraits of other distinguished Texans.
1999: Texas Governor George W. Bush also issued a proclamation declaring June 20 to officially be Audie Murphy Day in the State of Texas.
From the mid-1990s through the present, an annual celebration of Murphy and other veterans in all branches of service has been held on the weekend closest to Murphy's birthday at the American Cotton Museum, renamed The Audie Murphy/American Cotton Museum (in Greenville, Texas), which houses a large collection of Murphy memorabilia and personal items.^{[citation needed]}
May 3, 2000: Murphy was honored with his portrait on a thirty-three cent United States postage stamp.^[33]
January 29, 2000: A plaque, 1.20 meters high and 2.70 meters long, was unveiled in Holtzwihr, France by local authorities and veterans. The plaque depicts Murphy on his tank destroyer. It was attached to a wall at the site where Murphy carried out his famous Medal of Honor action.
September 2000: A full size bronze bust of Murphy was dedicated outside City Hall, Greenville, Texas.
June 22, 2002: Ten foot, 2,200 pound hollow bronze statue of Murphy was unveiled and dedicated on the grounds of the Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum.
September 2004: Murphy plaque was dedicated at the Masonic Lounge in North Hollywood, California
October 23, 2004: During a yearly event, an Audie Murphy Star was dedicated at the Fort Worth Stockyards National Historic District.
October 21, 2005: The 8th Annual Silver Spur Awards took place in Studio City, California. Michael Dante presented to Audie's widow, Pamela Murphy, while his sons looked on.
July 11, 2007: Ft. Stewart, Georgia: Audie Murphy Soldier Support Center was established.
November 2010: Audie Murphy was nominated for a posthumous bestowal of the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor, the highest military award within the State of Texas. As of April 2011, the matter is still in committee.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad "Sergeant Audie Murphy Club - SMA/Autreve Chapter". U.S. Army Medical Department Center & School Portal, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas. http://www.cs.amedd.army.mil/samc/SAMSAMC.htm.
^ Obituary Variety, June 2, 1971, p. 55.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Taffin, John (2003). "Don't You Ever Forget Audie Murphy". Guns Magazine 40 (2).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Biographical Sketch of Audie Leon Murphy, June 20, 1924 - May 28, 1971". Audie Murphy Research Foundation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090226104507/http://www.audiemurphy.com/biograph.htm.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag "Historical Information - Audie Murphy". Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/audie_murphy.html. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ Murphy, Audie (1949). To Hell and Back. New York: Henry Holt and Co.. OCLC 2037656.
^ Addington, E. J.. "Audie Murphy". WhenMagazine. http://www.whenmagazine.com/peter3c.htm.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Handbook of Texas Online". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/MM/fmu13.html.
^ Killian/Murphy families' genealogy website giving full names and dates of birth and death for Audie Murphy's parents and some of his siblings
^ Stephen L. Henley, Sr., J.D.
^ "Audie Murphy Research Foundation, Vol. 5" (PDF). 1998. Archived from the original on November 13, 2008. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20081113060355/http://www.audiemurphy.com/newsletter_pdf/amrf_news5.pdf. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
^ "'War' excerpt about Staff Sgt. Salvatore Giunta’s actions". Stars and Stripes. September 10, 2010. http://www.stripes.com/war-excerpt-about-staff-sgt-salvatore-giunta-s-actions-1.117774. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Oettinger, Callie (January 26, 2011). "Focus On Audie Murphy". http://www.commandposts.com/2011/01/audie-murphy.
^ ^a ^b "Audie Murphy's Medal of Honor". Audie Murphy Research Foundation. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090227150125/http://audiemurphy.com/award1.htm.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Audie Murphy's Military Award List". Audie Murphy Research Foundation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090226102505/http://audiemurphy.com/awards.htm.
^ "Audie Murphy Military Awards List". Audie Murphy Research Foundation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090226103058/http://audiemurphy.com/award24.htm. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
^ Audie Murphy Dates of Rank
^ "Audie Murphy: Great American Hero", Biography, Greystone Communications, Inc. for A&E Television Networks, 1996 (TV documentary)
^ Gossett, Sue (1996). The Films and Career of Audie Murphy. North Carolina: Empire Publishing.
^ "Full Cast and Crew for To Hell and Back (1955), IMDb". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048729/fullcredits. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
^ Gossett, Sue, The Films and Career of Audie Murphy, Empire Publishing, 1996, p.17.
^ Film Data for 1955
^ Film Data for 1956
^ Film Data for 1957
^ The Evening Independent - Jul 7, 1970. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YV1QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3008,1434643&dq=jboss&hl=en
^ The Pittsburgh Press - Oct 5, 1970. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19701005&id=iUwqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jVAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4788,2151041
^ Beaver County Times - Oct 16, 1970
^ "Audie Murphy's Aero Commander 680". http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Audie-Murphy-N601JJ.htm. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ NTSB Accident Report from Aviation Accident Database NTSB File 3-1752
^ "Audie Murphy Memorial Marker". Audie Murphy Research Foundation. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090207074750/http://audiemurphy.com/roanoke.htm. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Golz, Earl. "Audie Murphy Struggled to Free Hoffa". Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on January 25, 1974. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20081114081609/http://www.audiemurphy.com/newsclip/dmn_01-25-74.pdf. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
^ "Training and Doctrine Command Regulation 600-14". http://www-tradoc.army.mil/tpubs/regs/r600-14.pdf. Retrieved 2012-3-14.
^ "Eminent U.S. Warriors Will Grace New Stamps". LA Times. April 20, 2000. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/20/news/cl-21397. Retrieved 2009-01-07.

Sources

Gossett, Sue. The Films and Career of Audie Murphy, N.C., Empire Publishing, 1996.
Graham, Don. No Name on the Bullet, N.Y.: Viking, 1989.
Murphy, Audie. To Hell and Back, N.Y.: Holt, 1949.
Editors, Super GI, Life Magazine-World War II-Special Issue,Vol 8, number 6, Spring-Summer 1985, 28.
Whiting, Charles. American Hero Eskdale Publishing, 2000 ISBN 0-7505-1908-8

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Audie Murphy

"Medal of Honor recipients on film". http://www.voicenet.com/~lpadilla/murphy.html. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
"Audie Murphy - A Mini Unit Study". http://www.gardenandhearth.com/Homeschool-Activities/Famous-People/Audie-Murphy.htm. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
"Audie Murphy: One-Man Stand at Holtzwihr". http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3033636.html. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
"Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Regulation 600-14, "TRADOC Sergeant Audie Murphy Club"". http://www-tradoc.army.mil/tpubs/regs/r600-14.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
Audie Murphy at the Internet Movie Database
"Third Division photos and Murphy bio". http://www.dogfacesoldiers.org. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
"Dallas Scottish Rite: Medals located at Dallas Scottish Rite Museum". http://www.dallasscottishrite.org/default.asp?contentID=16. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
The short film Big Picture: Broken Bridge is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
The short film Big Picture: The Third Division in Korea is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]

Persondata
Name	Murphy, Audie Leon
Alternative names
Short description	Medal of Honor-winning, highly decorated American WWII soldier; later became an actor
Date of birth	June 20, 1924
Place of birth	Kingston, Texas, U.S.
Date of death	May 28, 1971
Place of death	Brush Mountain near Catawba, Virginia, U.S.

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Audie Murphy

Audie Leon Murphy

Lt Audie Murphy

Audie Murphy

Audie Murphy

Audie Murphy

Works by Audie Murphy

Audie Murphy

Biography

Audie Murphy

Audie Murphy

Early life

Childhood

Enlistment

Battles

Medal of Honor action

Awards, Honors, and Rank

Medal of Honor citation

Awards

Awards and decorations

Dates of rank

Movie career

First starring role

Autobiography To Hell and Back

Filmography

Box Office Ranking

Music career

Personal life

Post-war illness

Attempted murder trial

Death

Other honors

See also

References

Sources

External links

	United States Army portal
	World War II portal
	Biography portal

	Posse from Hell (1961 Western Film)
	Gunsmoke (1953 Western Film)
	Colleen Miller (Actor, Crime/Drama)

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