Dorothy Parker

Dorothy Parker
Born	August 22, 1893(1893-08-22) Long Branch, New Jersey, United States
Died	June 7, 1967(1967-06-07) (aged 73) New York, New York, United States
Occupation	Author, poet, critic, screenwriter
Nationality	American
Genres	Poetry, satire
Literary movement	American modernism
Notable work(s)	Enough Rope, Sunset Gun, A Star Is Born
Notable award(s)	O. Henry Award 1929
Spouse(s)	Edwin Pond Parker II (1917-1928) Alan Campbell (1934-1947) Alan Campbell (1950-1963)
Influences Franklin Pierce Adams, Robert Benchley, Colette, Ring Lardner, William Makepeace Thackeray, Elinor Wylie
Influenced Candace Bushnell, Maureen Dowd, Nora Ephron, Fran Lebowitz, Amy Sedaris, David Sedaris, Amy Sherman-Palladino, Prince
www.dorothyparker.com

Dorothy Parker (August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet, short story writer, critic and satirist, best known for her wit, wisecracks, and eye for 20th century urban foibles.

From a conflicted and unhappy childhood, Parker rose to acclaim, both for her literary output in such venues as The New Yorker and as a founding member of the Algonquin Round Table. Following the breakup of the circle, Parker traveled to Hollywood to pursue screenwriting. Her successes there, including two Academy Award nominations, were curtailed as her involvement in left-wing politics led to a place on the Hollywood blacklist.

Dismissive of her own talents, she deplored her reputation as a "wisecracker." Nevertheless, her literary output and reputation for her sharp wit have endured.

Early life

Also known as Dot or Dottie, Parker was born Dorothy Rothschild to Jacob Henry^[1] and Eliza Annie Rothschild (née Marston)^[2] at 732 Ocean Avenue in the West End village of Long Branch, New Jersey,^[3] where her parents had a summer beach cottage. Dorothy's mother was of Scottish descent, and her father was of German Jewish descent (but not related to the Rothschild banking dynasty). Parker wrote in her essay "My Hometown" that her parents got her back to their Manhattan apartment shortly after Labor Day so she could be called a true New Yorker. Her mother died in West End in July 1898, when Parker was a month shy of turning five.^[4] Her father remarried in 1900 to a woman named Eleanor Francis Lewis.^[5] Parker hated her father and stepmother, accusing her father of being physically abusive and refusing to call Eleanor either "mother" or "stepmother," instead referring to her as "the housekeeper."^[6] She grew up on the Upper West Side and attended Roman Catholic elementary school at the Convent of the Blessed Sacrament on West 79th Street with sister Helen, despite having a Jewish father and Protestant stepmother.^[7] Parker once stated that she was asked to leave following her characterization of the Immaculate Conception as "spontaneous combustion".^{[8][citation needed]} Mercedes de Acosta was a classmate. Her stepmother died in 1903, when Parker was nine.^[9] Parker later went to Miss Dana's School, a finishing school in Morristown, New Jersey.^[10] She graduated from Miss Dana's School in 1911, at the age of 18.^[11] Following her father's death in 1913, she played piano at a dancing school to earn a living^[12] while she worked on her verse.

She sold her first poem to Vanity Fair magazine in 1914 and, some months later, she was hired as an editorial assistant for another Condé Nast magazine, Vogue. She moved to Vanity Fair as a staff writer following two years at Vogue.^[13]

In 1917, she met and married a Wall Street stock broker, Edwin Pond Parker II^[14] (March 28, 1893 in Hartford, Connecticut – January 7, 1933 in Hartford, Connecticut^[15]), but they were separated by his army service in World War I. She had ambivalent feelings about her Jewish heritage given the strong antisemitism of that era and joked that she married to escape her name.^{[citation needed]}

Parker went through three marriages (two to the same man) and survived several suicide attempts but grew increasingly dependent on alcohol.^{[citation needed]}

Algonquin Round Table years

The founding members of Algonquin Round Table: (l-r) Art Samuels, Charlie MacArthur, Harpo Marx, Dorothy Parker and Alexander Woollcott

Her career took off while she was writing theatre criticism for Vanity Fair, which she began to do in 1918 as a stand-in for the vacationing P. G. Wodehouse.^[16] At the magazine she met Robert Benchley, who became a close friend, and Robert E. Sherwood.^[17] The trio began lunching at the Algonquin Hotel on a near-daily basis and became founding members of the Algonquin Round Table. The Round Table numbered among its members the newspaper columnists Franklin Pierce Adams and Alexander Woollcott. Through their re-printing of her lunchtime remarks and short verses, particularly in Adams' column "The Conning Tower," Dorothy began developing a national reputation as a wit.

Parker's caustic wit as a critic initially proved popular, but she was eventually terminated by Vanity Fair in 1920 after her criticisms began to offend powerful producers too often. In solidarity, both Benchley and Sherwood resigned in protest.^[18]

When Harold Ross founded The New Yorker in 1925, Parker and Benchley were part of a "board of editors" established by Ross to allay concerns of his investors. Parker's first piece for the magazine appeared in its second issue.^[19] Parker became famous for her short, viciously humorous poems, many about the perceived ludicrousness of her many (largely unsuccessful) romantic affairs and others wistfully considering the appeal of suicide.

The next 15 years were Parker's greatest period of productivity and success. In the 1920s alone she published some 300 poems and free verses in Vanity Fair, Vogue, "The Conning Tower" and The New Yorker as well as Life, McCall's and The New Republic.^[20]

Cover of the first edition of Enough Rope

Parker published her first volume of poetry, Enough Rope, in 1926. The collection sold 47,000 copies^[21] and garnered impressive reviews. The Nation described her verse as "caked with a salty humor, rough with splinters of disillusion, and tarred with a bright black authenticity."^[22] Although some critics, notably the New York Times' reviewer, dismissed her work as "flapper verse,"^[23] the volume helped cement Parker's reputation for sparkling wit.^[21] Parker released two more volumes of verse, Sunset Gun (1928) and Death and Taxes (1931), along with the short story collections Laments for the Living (1930) and After Such Pleasures (1933). Not So Deep as a Well (1936) collected much of the material previously published in Rope, Gun and Death and she re-released her fiction with a few new pieces in 1939 under the title Here Lies.^[24]

In 1924, Parker collaborated with fellow Algonquinite George S. Kaufman on a one-act play, Business is Business.^[25] She next collaborated with playwright Elmer Rice to create Close Harmony. The play was well received in out-of-town previews and was favorably reviewed in New York but closed after a run of just 24 performances. It did, however, become a successful touring production under the title The Lady Next Door.^[26]

Some of Parker's most popular work was published in The New Yorker in the form of acerbic book reviews under the byline "Constant Reader" (her response to the whimsy of A. A. Milne's The House at Pooh Corner: "Tonstant Weader fwowed up."^[27]). Her reviews appeared semi-regularly from 1927 to 1933,^[28] were widely read, and were later published in a collection under the name Constant Reader in 1970.

Her best-known short story, "Big Blonde", published in The Bookman magazine, was awarded the O. Henry Award as the best short story of 1929.^[29] Her short stories, though often witty, were also spare and incisive, and more bittersweet than comic.

She eventually separated from her husband, divorcing in 1928, and had a number of affairs. Her lovers included reporter-turned-playwright Charles MacArthur and the publisher Seward Collins. Her relationship with MacArthur resulted in a pregnancy——about which Parker is alleged to have remarked, "How like me, to put all my eggs into one bastard."^[30] She had an abortion, and fell into a depression that culminated in her first attempt at suicide.^[31] Affairs with both Benchley and Woollcott are alleged to have resulted in pregnancies as well.^[32]

It was toward the end of this period that Parker began to become politically aware and active. What would become a lifelong commitment to left-leaning causes began in 1927 with the pending executions of Sacco and Vanzetti. Parker travelled to Boston to protest the proceedings. She and fellow Round Tabler Ruth Hale were arrested, and Parker eventually pleaded guilty to a charge of "loitering and sauntering", paying a $5 fine.^[33]

Hollywood

In 1934, she married Alan Campbell,^[34] an actor with aspirations of being a screenwriter. Like Parker, he was half-Jewish and half-Scottish. He was reputed to be bisexual—indeed, Parker claimed in public that he was "queer as a billy goat"^{[citation needed]}. The pair moved to Hollywood and signed ten-week contracts with Paramount Pictures, with Campbell (who was also expected to act) earning $250 per week and Parker earning $1,000 per week. They would eventually earn $2,000 and in some instances upwards of $5,000 per week as freelancers for various studios.^[35] She and Campbell worked on more than 15 films.^[36]

In 1936, she contributed lyrics for the song "I Wished on the Moon", with music by Ralph Rainger. The song was introduced in The Big Broadcast of 1936 by Bing Crosby.

With Robert Carson and Campbell, she wrote the script for the 1937 film A Star is Born, for which they were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing—Screenplay.^[37] She wrote additional dialogue for The Little Foxes in 1941 and received another Oscar nomination, with Frank Cavett, for 1947's Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman, starring Susan Hayward.^[38]

After the United States entered the Second World War, Parker and Alexander Woollcott collaborated to produce an anthology of her work as part of a series published by Viking Press for servicemen stationed overseas. With an introduction by Somerset Maugham^[39] the volume compiled over two dozen of Parker's short stories along with selected poems from Enough Rope, Sunset Gun, and Death and Taxes. It was released in the United States in 1944 under the title The Portable Dorothy Parker. Parker's is one of only three of the Portable series (the other two being William Shakespeare and The Bible) to remain continuously in print.^[40]

During the 1930s and 1940s, Parker became an increasingly vocal advocate of causes like civil liberties and civil rights, and a frequent critic of those in authority. She reported on the Loyalist cause in Spain for the Communist New Masses magazine in 1937.^[41] At the behest of Otto Katz, a covert Soviet Comintern agent and operative of German Communist Party agent Willi Muenzenberg, Parker helped to found the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League in 1936.^[42] The Hollywood Anti-Nazi League's membership eventually grew to some 4,000 strong, whose often wealthy but mostly unsuspecting members were, in the words of David Caute,^[43] "able to contribute as much to [Communist] Party funds as the whole American working class."^[43][44]

Parker also served as chair of the Joint Anti-Fascist Rescue Committee. She organized Project Rescue Ship to transport Loyalist veterans to Mexico, headed Spanish Children's Relief and lent her name to many other left-wing causes and organizations.^[45] Her former Round Table friends saw less and less of her, with her relationship with Robert Benchley being particularly strained (although they would reconcile).^[46] Parker met S.J. Perelman at a party in 1932, and despite a rocky start (Perelman called it 'a scarifying ordeal')^[47]—they remained friends for the next 35 years, even becoming neighbors when the Perelmans helped Parker and Campbell buy a run-down farm in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

Parker was listed as a Communist by the publication Red Channels in 1950.^[48] The FBI compiled a 1,000-page dossier on her because of her suspected involvement in Communism during the McCarthy era.^[49] As a result, she was placed on the Hollywood blacklist by the movie studio bosses. Her final screenplay was The Fan, a 1949 adaptation of Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan, directed by Otto Preminger. Her marriage to Campbell was tempestuous, with tensions exacerbated by Parker's increasing alcohol consumption and Alan's long-term affair with a married woman while he was in Europe during World War II.^[50] They divorced in 1947,^[51] then remarried in 1950.^[52] Parker moved back to New York in 1952, living at the Volney residential hotel. From 1957 to 1962 she wrote book reviews for Esquire,^[53] though these pieces were increasingly erratic owing to her continued abuse of alcohol. She returned to Hollywood in 1961 and reconciled with Campbell. In the next 2 years they worked together on a number of unproduced projects. Campbell committed suicide by drug overdose in 1963.^[54]

Later life

Following Campbell's death, Parker returned to New York City and the Volney residential hotel. In her later years, she would come to denigrate the group that had brought her such early notoriety, the Algonquin Round Table:

These were no giants. Think who was writing in those days--Lardner, Fitzgerald, Faulkner and Hemingway. Those were the real giants. The Round Table was just a lot of people telling jokes and telling each other how good they were. Just a bunch of loudmouths showing off, saving their gags for days, waiting for a chance to spring them.... There was no truth in anything they said. It was the terrible day of the wisecrack, so there didn't have to be any truth....^[55]

Parker was heard occasionally on radio, including Information Please (as a guest) and Author, Author (as a regular panelist). She wrote for the Columbia Workshop, and both Ilka Chase and Tallulah Bankhead used her material for radio monologues.^[56]

Parker died June 7, 1967 of a heart attack^[3] at the age of 73. In her will, she bequeathed her estate to the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. foundation. Following King's death, her estate was passed on to the NAACP.^[57] Her executor, Lillian Hellman, bitterly but unsuccessfully contested this disposition.^[58] Her ashes remained unclaimed in various places, including her attorney Paul O'Dwyer's filing cabinet, for approximately 17 years.^[59]

Posthumous honors

In 1988, the NAACP claimed Parker's remains and designed a memorial garden for them outside their Baltimore headquarters. The plaque reads,

Here lie the ashes of Dorothy Parker (1893–1967) humorist, writer, critic. Defender of human and civil rights. For her epitaph she suggested, 'Excuse my dust'. This memorial garden is dedicated to her noble spirit which celebrated the oneness of humankind and to the bonds of everlasting friendship between black and Jewish people. Dedicated by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. October 28, 1988.^[60]

Marker at Parker's birthplace.

On August 22, 1992, the 99th anniversary of Parker's birth, the United States Postal Service issued a 29¢ U.S. commemorative postage stamp in the Literary Arts series. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.^[61] In 1996 the hotel was designated a National Literary Landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of Parker and other members of the Round Table. The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.^[62] Her birthplace was also designated a National Literary Landmark by Friends of Libraries USA in 2005 and a bronze plaque marks the spot where the home once stood.| accessdate = 2007-09-25 }}</ref>

Pastiches and fictional portrayals

Parker was the inspiration for a number of fictional characters in several plays of her day. These included "Lily Malone" in Philip Barry's Hotel Universe (1932), "Mary Hilliard" (played by Ruth Gordon) in George Oppenheimer's Here Today (1932), "Paula Wharton" in Gordon's 1944 play Over Twenty-one (directed by George S. Kaufman), and "Julia Glenn" in the Kaufman-Moss Hart collaboration Merrily We Roll Along (1934). Kaufman's representation of her in Merrily We Roll Along led Parker, once his Round Table compatriot, to despise him.^[63] She also appeared as "Daisy Lester" in Charles Brackett's 1934 novel Entirely Surrounded.^[64]

She has been portrayed on film and television by Dolores Sutton in F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976),^[65] Rosemary Murphy in Julia (1977),^[66] Bebe Neuwirth in Dash and Lilly (1999),^[67] and Jennifer Jason Leigh in Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994).^[68] Neuwirth was nominated for an Emmy Award for her performance, and Leigh received a number of awards and nominations, including a Golden Globe nomination.

Parker, along with other figures of the era including Ira Gershwin and George Gershwin, is featured as a character in Act 1, Scene 12 of the stage musical version of Thoroughly Modern Millie, "Muzzy's Party Scene."^[69]

References

Further reading

• John Keats, You Might As Well Live: The Life and Times of Dorothy Parker. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970.
• Marion Meade, Dorothy Parker: What Fresh Hell is This?. New York: Villard, 1988.
• Kim Addonizio and Cheryl Dumesnil, eds., Dorothy Parker's Elbow—Tattoos on Writers, Writers on Tattoos. New York: Warner Books, 2002.
• Kevin C. Fitzpatrick, A Journey into Dorothy Parker's New York. Berkeley, CA: Roaring Forties Press, 2005.
• S.J. Perelman, "Dorothy Parker". in The Last Laugh. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1981.

External links

	Biography portal
	United States portal
	Poetry portal

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dorothy Parker

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dorothy Parker

• Marion Capron (Summer 1956). "Dorothy Parker, The Art of Fiction No. 13". The Paris Review. http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4933/the-art-of-fiction-no-13-dorothy-parker. 
• Dorothy Parker Society
• Works by or about Dorothy Parker in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Works by or about Dorothy Parker at Internet Archive and Google Books (scanned books original editions)
• Works by Dorothy Parker at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML)
• Dorothy Parker at the Internet Movie Database
• Dorothy Parker at the Internet Broadway Database
• Dorothy Parker at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Algonquin Round Table
• Minstrels Archive section on Parker's works
• Selected Poems by Dorothy Parker
• Parker's resting place
• Emdashes coverage of Dorothy Parker
• Dorothy Parker ; Findagrave
• Dorothy Parker and several well-known personalities
• Dorothy Parker photo gallery; Corbis