Graham Greene: Biography from Answers.com

The works of the English novelist and dramatist Graham Greene (1904-1991) explore different permutations of morality and amorality in modern society, and often feature exotic settings in different parts of the world. A storyteller with a spare and elegant style, he divided his literary output into two categories. The first identified his long, serious works as "novels", while the second, which he called "entertainments", were shorter, taut-paced political thrillers with boldly-defined characters designed to satisfy the reader whose main concern is plot rather than theme. He also wrote screenplays and dramas, but they have not stood the test of time as steadfastly as his fiction, which has been translated into 27 languages.

Graham Greene was born on October 2, 1904, in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, in England. He was one of six children born to Charles Henry Greene, headmaster of Berkhamsted School, and Marion R. Greene. He did not enjoy his childhood, often preferring to skip classes rather than endure the baiting of his fellow students. When Greene suffered a mental collapse, his parents sent him to London for psychotherapy administered by a student of the famous Sigmund Freud. While he was living there, he became a voracious reader and began to write poetry. Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein became lifelong mentors to him before he returned to high school.

After graduating in 1922, Greene went on to Oxford University's Balliol College. When he was a junior in 1924, he contacted the German embassy and offered to write some pro-German articles for an Oxford paper. Intrigued, an embassy official accepted his offer, and sent him on an all-expenses-paid trip to the Rhineland, where Germany and France were vying for superiority in the creation of a separatist republic. As promised, Greene returned from Germany and wrote an article favoring Germany in the Oxford Chronicle of May 9, 1924.

His next attempt to enliven his studies brought him to a flirtation with the Communist party, which he abandoned after a mere six weeks, though he later wrote sympathetic profiles of Fidel Castro and Ho Chi Minh. Otherwise, Greene spent his vacations at Oxford roaming the English countryside. Despite all these efforts to distract himself from his studies, he graduated from Oxford in 1925 with a second-class pass in history, and a slender, badly-received volume of poetry with the effusive title Babbling April.

The following year Greene decided to convert from Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism, the religion of his fiancee. The shift brought him a new perspective in his search for the origins of human morality and amorality.

The same year he began his professional writing career as an unpaid apprentice for the Nottingham Journal, moving on later to become a subeditor for the London Times. The experience was a positive one for him, and he held this position until the publication of his first novel, The Man Within (1929). Here he began to develop the characteristic themes he later pursued so effectively: betrayal, pursuit, and the yearning for death.

His next works, Name of Action (1931) and Rumour at Nightfall (1931), were not well-received by critics, but Greene regained their respect with the first book he classed as an entertainment. Called Stamboul Train in England, it was published in 1932 in the United States as Orient Express. The story revolves around a group of travelers on the Orient Express, a setting mysterious enough to permit a large helping of melodrama and grotesque character-building. Journey without Maps, published in 1936, was a travelogue, detailing Greene's fascination with the lush and decadent outposts of colonization.

Major Themes

Twelve years after his conversion, Greene published Brighton Rock (1938), a novel with a highly melodramatic plot full of sexual and violent imagery that explored the interplay between abnormal behavior and morality.

The entertainment The Confidential Agent was published in 1939, as was the work The Lawless Roads, a journal of Greene's travels in Mexico in 1938. Here he had seen widespread persecution of Catholic priests, which he documented in his journal along with a description of a drunken priest's execution. The incident made such an impression upon him that this victim became the hero of The Power and the Glory, the novel considered by Greene to be his best.

Later Life

During the years of World War II Greene slipped out of England and went to West Africa to do some clandestine intelligence work for the British Government. The result, a novel called The Heart of the Matter appeared in 1948, and greatly appealed to American readers.

Steadily, Greene produced a succession of works that received both praise and crtiticism. He was considered for the Nobel Prize but failed to become a candidate. Still, many other honors were bestowed upon him, including a 1966 accolade from Queen Elizabeth as a Companion of Honor, and the Order of Merit, a much higher honor, in 1986.

In 1979 Greene underwent surgery for intestinal cancer, but had no lasting ill-effects. However, in 1990, he was stricken with an unspecified blood disease so debilitating that he decided to move from his home in Antibes, the South of France, to Vevey, Switzerland, so that he could be closer to his daughter. He lingered until the beginning of spring, then died on April 3rd, 1991, in La Povidence Hospital.

Graham Greene

Born	Henry Graham Greene (1904-10-02)2 October 1904 Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom
Died	3 April 1991(1991-04-03) (aged 86) Vevey, Switzerland
Occupation	Writer
Nationality	British
Period	1925–1991
Genres	Literary fiction, thriller
Influences Conrad, Haggard, Stevenson, James, Proust, Buchan, Péguy^[1]^[2]

Early years

Graham Greene's birthplace in Berkhamsted

Blue plaque commemorating Greene's birthplace

Henry Graham Greene was born in 1904 in St. John’s House, a boarding house of Berkhamsted School on Chesham Road in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, where his father was housemaster.^[7] He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother, Hugh, became Director-General of the BBC, and his elder brother, Raymond, an eminent physician and mountaineer.

His parents, Charles Henry Greene and Marion Raymond Greene, were second cousins; both members of a large, influential family that included the owners of Greene King brewery, bankers and businessmen. Charles Greene was Second Master at Berkhamsted School, where the headmaster was Dr Thomas Fry, who was married to Charles' cousin. Another cousin was the right-wing pacifist Ben Greene, whose politics led to his internment during World War II.

In 1910 Charles Greene succeeded Dr Fry as headmaster of Berkhamsted. Graham also attended the school as a boarder. Bullied and profoundly depressed he made several suicide attempts; including, as he wrote in his autobiography, by Russian roulette and by taking aspirin before going swimming in the school pool. In 1920, aged 16, in what was a radical step for the time, he was sent for psychoanalysis for six months in London, afterwards returning to school as a day student. School friends included Claud Cockburn the satirist, and Peter Quennell the historian.

In 1922 he was for a short time a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.^[8]

In 1925, while an undergraduate at Balliol College, Oxford, his first work, a poorly received volume of poetry entitled Babbling April, was published.^[9] Greene suffered from periodic bouts of depression while at Oxford, and largely kept to himself.^[10] Of Greene's time at Oxford, his contemporary Evelyn Waugh noted that: "Graham Greene looked down on us (and perhaps all undergraduates) as childish and ostentatious. He certainly shared in none of our revelry".^[10]

Early career

After graduating with a second-class degree in History,^[9] Greene worked for a period of time as a private tutor and then turned to journalism – first on the Nottingham Journal,^[11] and then as a sub-editor on The Times. While in Nottingham he started corresponding with Vivien Dayrell-Browning, a Catholic convert, who had written to him to correct him on a point of Catholic doctrine. Greene was an agnostic at the time, but when he began to think about marrying Vivien, it occurred to him that, as he puts it in A Sort of Life, he "ought at least to learn the nature and limits of the beliefs she held". In his discussions with the priest to whom he went for instruction, he argued "on the ground of dogmatic atheism", as his primary difficulty was what he termed the "if" surrounding God's existence. However, he found that "after a few weeks of serious argument the 'if' was becoming less and less improbable".^[12] Greene converted to Catholicism in 1926 (described in A Sort of Life) when he was baptised in February of that year.^[13] He married Vivien in 1927; and they had two children, Lucy Caroline (b. 1933) and Francis (b. 1936). In 1948 Greene separated amicably from Vivien. Although he had other relationships, he never divorced or remarried.

Novels and other works

Greene's first published novel was The Man Within (1929). Favourable reception emboldened him to quit his sub-editor job at The Times and work as a full-time novelist. The next two books, The Name of Action (1930) and Rumour at Nightfall (1932), were unsuccessful; and he later disowned them. His first true success was Stamboul Train (1932) which was taken on by the Book Society and adapted as the film Orient Express (1934).

He supplemented his novelist's income with freelance journalism, book and film reviews for The Spectator, and co-editing the magazine Night and Day, which folded in 1937. Greene's film review of Wee Willie Winkie, featuring nine-year-old Shirley Temple, cost the magazine a lost libel lawsuit. Greene's review stated that Temple displayed "a dubious coquetry" which appealed to "middle-aged men and clergymen".^[14] It is now considered one of the first criticisms of the sexualisation of children for entertainment.

Greene originally divided his fiction into two genres: thrillers (mystery and suspense books), such as The Ministry of Fear, which he described as entertainments, often with notable philosophic edges, and literary works, such as The Power and the Glory, which he described as novels, on which he thought his literary reputation was to be based.^[15]

As his career lengthened, both Greene and his readers found the distinction between entertainments and novels increasingly problematic. The last book Greene termed an entertainment was Our Man in Havana in 1958. When Travels with My Aunt was published eleven years later, many reviewers noted that Greene had designated it a novel, even though, as a work decidedly comic in tone, it appeared closer to his last two entertainments, Loser Takes All and Our Man in Havana, than to any of the novels. Greene, they speculated, seemed to have dropped the category of entertainment. This was soon confirmed. In the Collected Edition of Greene's works published in 22 volumes between 1970 and 1982, the distinction between novels and entertainments is no longer maintained. All are novels.

Greene also wrote short stories and plays, which were well-received, although he was always first and foremost a novelist. He collected the 1948 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for The Heart of the Matter. In 1986, he was awarded Britain's Order of Merit.

Greene was one of the most "cinematic" of twentieth century writers; most of his novels and many of his plays and short stories would eventually be adapted for film or television.^[16] The Internet Movie Database lists 66 titles based on Greene material between 1934 and 2010. Some novels were filmed more than once, such as Brighton Rock in 1947 and 2011, The End of the Affair in 1955 and 1999, and The Quiet American in 1958 and 2002. The early thriller A Gun for Sale was filmed at least five times under different titles. He also wrote several original screenplays. In 1949, after writing the novella as "raw material", he wrote the screenplay for the classic film noir, The Third Man, featuring Orson Welles. In 1983, The Honorary Consul, published ten years earlier, was released as a film under its original title, starring Michael Caine and Richard Gere. Author and screenwriter Michael Korda contributed a foreword and introduction to this novel in a commemorative edition.

In 2009 The Strand Magazine began to publish in serial form a newly discovered Greene novel entitled The Empty Chair. The manuscript was written in longhand when Greene was 22 and newly converted to Catholicism.

Travel

There is so much weariness and disappointment in travel that people have to open up – in railway trains, over a fire, on the decks of steamers, and in the palm courts of hotels on a rainy day. They have to pass the time somehow, and they can pass it only with themselves. Like the characters in Chekhov, they have no reserves – you learn the most intimate secrets. You get an impression of a world peopled by eccentrics, of odd professions, almost incredible stupidities, and, to balance them, amazing endurances.

Graham Greene

Throughout his life Greene travelled far from England, to what he called the world's wild and remote places. The travels led to him being recruited into MI6 by his sister, Elisabeth, who worked for the organisation; and he was posted to Sierra Leone during the Second World War.^[17] Kim Philby, who would later be revealed as a Soviet agent, was Greene's supervisor and friend at MI6.^[18]^[19] As a novelist he wove the characters he met and the places where he lived into the fabric of his novels.

Greene first left Europe at 30 years of age in 1935 on a trip to Liberia that produced the travel book Journey Without Maps.^[20] His 1938 trip to Mexico, to see the effects of the government's campaign of forced anti-Catholic secularisation, was paid for by Longman's, thanks to his friendship with Tom Burns.^[21] That voyage produced two books, the factual The Lawless Roads (published as Another Mexico in the U.S.) and the novel The Power and the Glory. In 1953 the Holy Office informed Greene that The Power and the Glory was damaging to the reputation of the priesthood; but later, in a private audience with Greene, Pope Paul VI told him that, although parts of his novels would offend some Catholics, he should not pay attention to the criticism.^[22] Greene travelled to Haiti which was under the rule of dictator François Duvalier, known as "Papa Doc", where the story of The Comedians (1966) took place. The owner of the Hotel Oloffson in Port-au-Prince, where Greene frequently stayed, named a room in his honour.

Gravestone at Corseaux, Switzerland

Final years

After falling victim to a financial swindler, Greene chose to leave Britain in 1966, moving to Antibes, to be close to Yvonne Cloetta, whom he had known since 1959, a relationship that endured until his death. In 1973, Greene had an uncredited cameo appearance as an insurance company representative in François Truffaut's film Day for Night. In 1981 he was awarded the Jerusalem Prize, awarded to writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society. One of his final works, the pamphlet J'Accuse – The Dark Side of Nice (1982), concerns a legal matter embroiling him and his extended family in Nice. He declared that organised crime flourished in Nice, because the city's upper levels of civic government had protected judicial and police corruption. The accusation provoked a libel lawsuit that he lost.^[23] In 1994, after his death, he was vindicated, when the former mayor of Nice, Jacques Médecin, was imprisoned for corruption and associated crimes.

He lived the last years of his life in Vevey, on Lake Geneva, in Switzerland, the same town Charlie Chaplin was living in at this time. He visited Chaplin often, and the two were good friends.^[24] His book Doctor Fischer of Geneva or the Bomb Party (1980) bases its themes on combined philosophic and geographic influences. He had ceased going to mass and confession in the 1950s, but in his final years began to receive the sacraments again from Father Leopoldo Durán, a Spanish priest, who became a friend. He died at age 86 of leukaemia^[3] in 1991 and was buried in Corseaux cemetery.^[24]

Greene's literary agent was Jean LeRoy of Pearn, Pollinger & Higham.

Writing style and themes

The literary style of Graham Greene was described by Evelyn Waugh in Commonweal as "not a specifically literary style at all. The words are functional, devoid of sensuous attraction, of ancestry, and of independent life". Commenting on this lean, realistic prose and its readability, Richard Jones wrote in the Virginia Quarterly Review that "nothing deflects Greene from the main business of holding the reader's attention."^[25] His novels often have religious themes at the centre. In his literary criticism he attacked the modernist writers Virginia Woolf and E. M. Forster for having lost the religious sense which, he argued, resulted in dull, superficial characters, who "wandered about like cardboard symbols through a world that is paper-thin".^[26] Only in recovering the religious element, the awareness of the drama of the struggle in the soul carrying the infinite consequences of salvation and damnation, and of the ultimate metaphysical realities of good and evil, sin and divine grace, could the novel recover its dramatic power. Suffering and unhappiness are omnipresent in the world Greene depicts; and Catholicism is presented against a background of unvarying human evil, sin, and doubt. V. S. Pritchett praised Greene as the first English novelist since Henry James to present, and grapple with, the reality of evil.^[27] Greene concentrated on portraying the characters' internal lives – their mental, emotional, and spiritual depths. His stories often occurred in poor, hot, and dusty tropical backwaters, such as Mexico, West Africa, Vietnam, Cuba, Haiti, and Argentina, which led to the coining of the expression "Greeneland" to describe such settings.^[28]

A stranger with no shortage of calling cards: devout Catholic, lifelong adulterer, pulpy hack, canonical novelist; self-destructive, meticulously disciplined, deliriously romantic, bitterly cynical; moral relativist, strict theologian, salon communist, closet monarchist; civilized to a stuffy fault and louche to drugged-out distraction, anti-imperialist crusader and postcolonial parasite, self-excoriating and self-aggrandizing, to name just a few.

The Nation, describing the many facets of Graham Greene^[29]

The novels often powerfully portray the Christian drama of the struggles within the individual soul from the Catholic perspective. Greene was criticised for certain tendencies in an unorthodox direction – in the world, sin is omnipresent to the degree that the vigilant struggle to avoid sinful conduct is doomed to failure, hence not central to holiness. Friend and fellow Catholic Evelyn Waugh attacked that as a revival of the Quietist heresy. This aspect of his work also was criticised by the theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar, as giving sin a mystique. Greene responded that constructing a vision of pure faith and goodness in the novel was beyond his talents. Praise of Greene from an orthodox Catholic point of view by Edward Short is in Crisis Magazine,^[27] and a mainstream Catholic critique is presented by Joseph Pearce.^[12]

Catholicism's prominence decreased in the later writings. According to Ernest Mandel in his Delightful Murder: a Social History of the Crime Story: "Greene started out as a conservative agent of the British intelligence services, upholding such reactionary causes as the struggle of the Catholic Church against the Mexican revolution (The Power and the Glory, 1940), and arguing the necessary merciful function of religion in a context of human misery (Brighton Rock, 1938; The Heart of the Matter, 1948). The better he came to know the socio-political realities of the third world where he was operating, and the more directly he came to be confronted by the rising tide of revolution in those countries, the more his doubts regarding the imperialist cause grew, and the more his novels shifted away from any identification with the latter."^[30] The supernatural realities that haunted the earlier work declined and were replaced by a humanistic perspective, a change reflected in his public criticism of orthodox Catholic teaching. Left-wing political critiques assumed greater importance in his novels: for example, years before the Vietnam War, in The Quiet American he prophetically attacked the naive and counterproductive attitudes that were to characterise American policy in Vietnam. The tormented believers he portrayed were more likely to have faith in communism than in Catholicism.

In his later years Greene was a strong critic of American imperialism, and supported the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, whom he had met.^[31] For Greene and politics, see also Anthony Burgess' Politics in the Novels of Graham Greene.^[32] In Ways of Escape, reflecting on his Mexican trip, he complained that Mexico's government was insufficiently left-wing compared with Cuba's.^[33] In Greene's opinion, "Conservatism and Catholicism should be .... impossible bedfellows".^[34]

“	In human relationships, kindness and lies are worth a thousand truths.	”
—Graham Greene

Despite his seriousness, Graham Greene greatly enjoyed parody, even of himself. In 1949, when the New Statesman held a contest for parodies of Greene's writing style, he submitted an entry under the pen name "N. Wilkinson" and won second prize. His entry comprised the first two paragraphs of a novel, apparently set in Italy, The Stranger's Hand: An Entertainment. Greene's friend, Mario Soldati, a Piedmontese novelist and film director, believed that it had the makings of a suspense film about Yugoslav spies in postwar Venice. Upon Soldati's prompting, Greene continued writing the story as the basis for a film script. Apparently he lost interest in the project, leaving it as a substantial fragment that was published posthumously in The Graham Greene Film Reader (1993) and No Man's Land (2005). The script for The Stranger's Hand was penned by veteran screenwriter Guy Elmes on the basis of Greene's unfinished story, and cinematically rendered by Soldati. In 1965 Greene again entered a similar New Statesman competition pseudonymously, and won an honourable mention.

Graham Greene International Festival

The Graham Greene International Festival is an annual four-day event of conference papers, informal talks, question and answer sessions, films, dramatised readings, music, creative writing workshops and social events. It is organised by the Graham Greene Birthplace Trust, and takes place in the writer's home town of Berkhamsted, on dates as close as possible to the anniversary of his birth. Its purpose is to promote interest in and study of the works of Graham Greene.^[35]

Works

Main article: Graham Greene bibliography

The Man Within (1929)
The Name of Action (1930)
Rumour at Nightfall (1931)
Stamboul Train (1932)
It's a Battlefield (1934)
England Made Me (also published as The Shipwrecked) (1935)
A Gun for Sale (1936)
Brighton Rock (1938)
The Confidential Agent (1939)
The Power and the Glory (1940)
The Ministry of Fear (1943)
The Heart of the Matter (1948)
The Third Man (1949)
The End of the Affair (1951)
Twenty-One Stories (1954) (short stories)
Loser Takes All (1955)
The Quiet American (1955)

Our Man in Havana (1958)
A Burnt-Out Case (1960)
A Sense of Reality (1963) (short stories)
The Comedians (1966)
May We Borrow Your Husband? (1967) (short stories)
Travels with My Aunt (1969)
A Sort of Life (1971) (autobiography)
The Honorary Consul (1973)
The Human Factor (1978)
Doctor Fischer of Geneva (1980)
Ways of Escape (1980) (autobiography)
Monsignor Quixote (1982)
Getting to Know the General (1984) (nonfiction Panama memoir)
The Tenth Man (1985)
The Captain and the Enemy (1988)
The Last Word (1990) (short stories)
No Man's Land (2005)

References

Notes

^ Miller, R. H. Understanding Graham Greene. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1990. Print.
^ Pendleton, Robert. Graham Greene's Conradian Masterplot. Suffolk: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1996. Print.
^ ^a ^b Graham Greene, The Major Novels: A Centenary by Kevin McGowin, Eclectica Magazine
^ Extract from Graham Greene: A Life in Letters edited by Richard Greene, The Times, 13 September 2007.
^ "Graham Greene: A Life In Letters – Book Reviews – Books – Entertainment". Sydney Morning Herald. 30 November 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/news/book-reviews/graham-greene-a-life-in-letters/2007/11/30/1196394602841.html?page=2. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present, Volume 1,page=218;retrieved=18 February 2012; George Stade (editor)
^ Cook, John (2009). A Glimpse of our History: a short guided tour of Berkhamsted. Berkhamsted Town Council. http://www.berkhamsted.gov.uk/download/Heritage%20Leaflet.pdf.
^ Graham Greene Biography, Encyclopedia of World Biography
^ ^a ^b "Graham Greene Biography". Notablebiographies.com. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Gi-He/Greene-Graham.html. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ ^a ^b Michael Shelden, ‘Greene, (Henry) Graham (1904–1991)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008 accessed 15 May 2011
^ "Graham Greene". Biogs.com. http://www.biogs.com/famous/greenegraham.html. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ ^a ^b Joseph Pearce. "Graham Greene: Doubter Par Excellence", CatholicAuthors.com. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
^ Greene converted after vigorous arguments with Father Trollope in which he defended atheism. The Power and the Glory New York: Viking, 1990. Introduction by John Updike, p. xiv.
^ In his review, Greene wrote, "The owners of a child star are like leaseholders—their property diminishes in value every year. Time's chariot is at their back; before them acres of anonymity. Miss Shirley Temple's case, though, has a peculiar interest: infancy is her disguise, her appeal is more secret and more adult. Already two years ago she was a fancy little piece (real childhood, I think, went out after The Littlest Rebel). In Captain January she wore trousers with the mature suggestiveness of a Dietrich: her neat and well-developed rump twisted in the tap-dance: her eyes had a sidelong searching coquetry. Now in Wee Willie Winkie, wearing short kilts, she is completely totsy. Watch her swaggering stride across the Indian barrack-square: hear the gasp of excited expectation from her antique audience when the sergeant's palm is raised: watch the way she measures a man with agile studio eyes, with dimpled depravity. Adult emotions of love and grief glissade across the mask of childhood, a childhood that is only skin-deep. It is clever, but it cannot last. Her admirers—middle-aged men and clergymen—respond to her dubious coquetry, to the sight of her well-shaped and desirable little body, packed with enormous vitality, only because the safety curtain of story and dialogue drops between their intelligence and their desire. See Atkinson, Michael (21 August 2009 ) "Our Man in London." Moving Image Source.
^ "Greene, Graham | Authors | guardian.co.uk Books". Books.guardian.co.uk. 22 July 2008. http://books.guardian.co.uk/authors/author/0,,-78,00.html. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ "Series Details". Cinema.ucla.edu. http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/calendar/calendardetails.aspx?details_type=2&id=147. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ Christopher Hawtree. "A Muse on the tides of history: Elisabeth Dennys". The Guardian, 10 February 1999. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
^ Robert Royal (November 1999). "The (Mis)Guided Dream of Graham Greene". First Things. http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=3226. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ "BBC – BBC Four Documentaries – Arena: Graham Greene". BBC News. 3 October 2004. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/graham-greene.shtml. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ Butcher, Tim (2010). "Graham Greene: Our Man in Liberia". History Today Volume: 60 Issue: 10. http://www.historytoday.com/tim-butcher/graham-greene-our-man-liberia. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "insisted this trip, his first to Africa and his first outside Europe"
^ Graham Greene, Uneasy Catholic Times Literary Supplement, 22 August 2006.
^ "EUROPE | Vatican's bid to censure Graham Greene". BBC News. 3 November 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1005484.stm. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ On the Riviera, A Morality Tale by Graham Greene
^ ^a ^b "Graham Greene finds no Swiss cuckoo clocks". Swissinfo.ch. 19 May 2006. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/extraordinary_exiles/Graham_Greene_finds_no_Swiss_cuckoo_clocks.html?cid=12832. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ "The Improbable Spy". Vqronline.org. http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1979/spring/jones-improbable-spy. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ "First Things". Angelfire.com. 9 October 2004. http://www.angelfire.com/journal/ggbtps/FrstThing.htm. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ ^a ^b The Catholic Novels of Graham Greene, Crisis Magazine, May 2005.
^ "Regions of the Mind: The Exoticism of Greeneland". Dur.ac.uk. http://www.dur.ac.uk/postgraduate.english/AndrewPurssellArticle.htm. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ Not Easy Being Greene: Graham Greene's Letters by Michelle Orange, The Nation, 15 April 2009
^ "The Quiet American", Marxmail.com, 11 August 2003.
^ Kirjasto.
^ in Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 2, No. 2, (Apr. 1967), pp. 93–99.
^ P.xii of John Updike's introduction to The Power and the Glory New York: Viking, 1990.
^ As cited on p. xii of John Updike's introduction to The Power and the Glory New York: Viking, 1990.
^ Graham Greene International Festival 2010

Further reading

Allain, Marie-Françoise, 1983. The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene. Bodley Head.
Bergonzi, Bernard, 2006. A Study in Greene: Graham Greene and the Art of the Novel. Oxford University Press.
Bosco, Mark, 2005. Graham Greene's Catholic Imagination. Oxford University Press.
Brennan, Michael G., 2010. Graham Greene: Fictions, Faith, and Authorship. Continuum. 173 pages; focuses on Catholicism as a pervasive influence on G's creative imagination.
Cassis, A. F., editor, 1994. Graham Greene: Man of Paradox. Loyola University Press.
Cloetta, Yvonne, 2004. In Search of a Beginning: My Life with Graham Greene, translated by Euan Cameron. Bloomsbury.
Diemert, Brian, 1996. Graham Greene's Thrillers and the 1930s. McGill-Queen's University Press.
Duran, Leopoldo, 1994. Graham Greene: Friend and Brother, translated by Euan Cameron. HarperCollins.
Gilvary, Dermot and Darren J. N. Middleton, editors, 2011. Dangerous Edges of Graham Greene: Journeys with Saints and Sinners. Continuum.
Greene, Richard, editor, 2007. Graham Greene: A Life in Letters. Knopf Canada.
Hazzard, Shirley, 2000. Greene on Capri. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Iyer, Pico, 2012. The Man within My Head. Bloomsbury. "Counterbiography", about Greene's effect on others.
Kelly, Richard Michael, 1984. Graham Greene. Ungar.
Kelly, Richard Michael, 1992. Graham Greene: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twayne.
Lewis, Jeremy, 2010. Shades of Greene: One Generation of an English Family. Jonathan Cape.
Phillips, Gene D., 1974. Graham Greene: Films of His Fiction, Teachers' College Press.
O'Prey, Paul, 1988. A Reader's Guide to Graham Greene. Thames and Hudson.
Shelden, Michael, 1994. Graham Greene: The Man Within. William Heinemann. Random House ed., 1995, ISBN 0-679-42883-6
Sherry, Norman, 1989. The Life of Graham Greene: Vol. 1, 1904–1939. Random House UK, ISBN 0-224-02654-2. Viking, ISBN 0-670-81376-1. Penguin reprint 2004, ISBN 0-14-200420-0
Sherry, Norman, 1994. The Life of Graham Greene: Vol. 2, 1939–1955. Viking. ISBN 0-670-86056-5. Penguin reprint 2004: ISBN 0-14-200421-9
Sherry, Norman, 2004. The Life of Graham Greene: Vol. 3, 1955–1991. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03142-9
Watts, Cedric, 1996. A Preface to Greene. Longman.
West, W. J., 1997. The Quest for Graham Greene. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Graham Greene (writer)

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Graham Greene

Graham Greene at the Open Directory Project
Graham Greene Birthplace Trust
Graham Greene Writeup in the Literary Encyclopedia
Autumn 1953 (Autumn 1953). "Graham Greene, The Art of Fiction No. 3". The Paris Review. http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5180/the-art-of-fiction-no-3-graham-greene.
"Graham Greene, terriblement anglais" by Frederic Raphael, 23 January 2008
Biography at Authors' Calendar website
The Paris Review Interview
CatholicAuthors Biography by Joseph Pearce
Graham Greene Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Not Easy Being Greene: Graham Greene's Letters by Michelle Orange, The Nation, 15 April 2009
Works by or about Graham Greene in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

v t e Works by Graham Greene

Novels	The Man Within (1929) The Name of Action (1930) Rumour at Nightfall (1932) Stamboul Train (1932) It's a Battlefield (1934) England Made Me (1935) The Bear Fell Free (1935) A Gun for Sale (1936) Brighton Rock (1938) The Confidential Agent (1939) The Power and the Glory (1940) The Ministry of Fear (1943) The Heart of the Matter (1948) The Third Man (novella; 1949) The End of the Affair (1951) The Quiet American (1955) Loser Takes All (1955) Our Man in Havana (1958) A Burnt-Out Case (1960) The Comedians (1966) Travels with My Aunt (1969) The Honorary Consul (1973) The Human Factor (1978) Doctor Fischer of Geneva (1980) Monsignor Quixote (1982) The Tenth Man (1985) The Captain and the Enemy (1988) No Man's Land (2005)

Travel books	Journey Without Maps (1936) The Lawless Roads (1939) In Search of a Character: Two African Journals (1961)

Plays	The Living Room (1953) The Potting Shed (1957) The Complaisant Lover (1959) Carving a Statue (1964) The Return of A.J. Raffles (1975) The Great Jowett (1981) Yes and No (1983) For Whom the Bell Chimes (1983)

Screenplays	The Future's in the Air (1937) The New Britain (1940) 21 Days (1940) Brighton Rock (1947) The Fallen Idol (1948) The Third Man (1949) Loser Takes All (1956) Saint Joan (1957) Our Man in Havana (1959) The Comedians (1967)

Story collections	Twenty-One Stories (1954) A Sense of Reality (1963) May We Borrow Your Husband? (1967) The Last Word and Other Stories (1990)

Short stories	"Proof Positive" (1930) "The Basement Room" (1936) "Across the Bridge" (1938) "Alas, Poor Maling" (1940) "The Blue Film" (1954) "The Destructors" (1954) "A Shocking Accident" "The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen" "The Last Word"

v t e Capri topics

History	History of Capri

Geography	Capri (municipality) · Anacapri · Gulf of Naples · Tyrrhenian Sea · Monte Solaro

Culture	Contempt (Le Mépris) · South Wind · The Story of San Michele · Entdeckung der blauen Grotte auf der Insel Capri

Sights	Blue Grotto · Faraglioni · Arco Naturale · Villa Jovis · Villa San Michele · Villa Lysis · Villa Malaparte · Via Krupp · Phoenician Steps · Certosa di San Giacomo · Capri Philosophical Park · Punta Carena Lighthouse · Grotta delle Felci

People	Tiberius · Caligula · August Kopisch · Axel Munthe · Christian Wilhelm Allers · Charles Caryl Coleman · Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach · Frank Hyde · John Singer Sargent · Friedrich Alfred Krupp · Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen · Compton Mackenzie · Luisa Casati · Camille du Locle · Graham Greene · Norman Douglas · Curzio Malaparte · Monika Mann · Mona von Bismarck

People from Capri	Rosina Ferrara · Edwin Cerio · Ignazio Cerio

Authority control: PND: 11854179X | LCCN: n79021903 | VIAF: 59083415 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Greene, Henry Graham
Alternative names
Short description	Novelist, Playwright, Short story writer
Date of birth	1904-10-02
Place of birth	Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Date of death	1991-04-03
Place of death	Vevey, Switzerland

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	Our Man in Havana (music)
	Shocking Accident (1983 Drama Film)
	The Last of His Tribe (1992 Drama Film)

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