Rutherford B. Hayes

Source

• Born: 4 October 1822
• Birthplace: Delaware, Ohio
• Died: 17 January 1893 (Heart failure)
• Best Known As: President of the United States, 1877-1881

Rutherford B. Hayes was an Ohio lawyer who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives while still on active duty in the Civil War. He served three terms as Governor of Ohio, then received the Republican nomination in the presidential race of 1876. Although his opponent, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, received a plurality of the popular vote, the electoral votes from four states were in dispute. A special congressional commission gave the election to Hayes just three days before his inauguration. In turn, President Hayes removed Federal troops from the South. After his term expired, he did not seek re-election. He was succeeded by James Garfield.

First Lady Lucy Ware Webb Hayes was known as "Lemonade Lucy" because of a strict policy against alcohol in the White House... Hayes was the 19th president.

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Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877. (credit: Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.)

(born Oct. 4, 1822, Delaware, Ohio, U.S. — died Jan. 17, 1893, Fremont, Ohio) 19th president of the U.S. (1877 – 81). He practiced law in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he represented defendants in several fugitive-slave cases and became associated with the new Republican Party. After fighting in the Union army in the American Civil War, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1865 – 67). As governor of Ohio (1868 – 72, 1875 – 76), he advocated a sound currency backed by gold. In 1876 he won the Republican nomination for president. His opponent, Samuel Tilden, won a larger popular vote, but the Hayes campaign contested the electoral-vote returns in four states, and a special Electoral Commission awarded the election to Hayes. As part of a secret compromise reached with Southerners during the electoral dispute (see Wormley Conference), Hayes withdrew the remaining federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction, and promised not to interfere with elections there, ensuring the return of white supremacy. His decision to introduce civil-service reform based on merit provoked a dispute with Roscoe Conkling and the conservative "stalwart" Republicans. At the request of state governors, Hayes used federal troops against railroad strikers in 1877. Declining to run for a second term, he retired to work for humanitarian causes.

For more information on Rutherford Birchard Hayes, visit Britannica.com.

Hayes, Rutherford Birchard (1822-93) 19th president of the United States (1877-81); born in Delaware, Ohio. An early defender of runaway slaves (1853) and opponent of the spread of slavery, Hayes fought with an Ohio volunteer unit during the Civil War and was seen as an inspirational leader. He was wounded five times and was brevetted major general. Following the war he became active in politics, serving as a U.S. congressman (1865-67) and then as governor of Ohio (1868-72). In 1876 Hayes was elected president over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden in a bitterly disputed contest that was not resolved for four months. Despite assuming office under suspicions of fraud, Hayes proved a surprisingly effective president, ending military occupation of southern states; reforming the civil service, putting the country back on the gold standard, and suppressing railroad strikes. Hayes refused to run for a second term, but after leaving office continued to actively work for the causes he believed in—education of blacks and of the poor, federal regulation of industry, and a humane penal system.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1822-1893), nineteenth president of the United States, supervised the Republican party's unsuccessful attempt to build a Southern wing based on old white "Whig" elements.

Rutherford B. Hayes was born Oct. 4, 1822, in Delaware, Ohio. His family, recently moved from New England, was well-to-do. Born 2 months after his father's death, Hayes was dominated by his neurotic mother and sister and patronized by his wealthy uncle Sardis Birchard.

Birchard was a critical influence in Hayes's life and helped pay for his education. Graduating from Kenyon College with highest honors in 1842, Hayes went to Harvard Law School in 1843. In 1845 he moved to Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), Ohio, to practice law under his uncle's sponsorship. Easygoing and pliable, Hayes was inclined to accept the conservative ideals surrounding him, and he adopted his uncle's Whig politics and distaste for abolitionists. The tall, handsome Hayes was a congenial and ready conversationalist, and he enjoyed considerable popularity in the town. Nevertheless, in 1849 he moved to Cincinnati, then the most important city in the West.

The young lawyer's personability and good showing in a celebrated homicide case soon won Hayes some reputation and political notice. Like most Northern Whigs during the late 1850s, Hayes had turned to the Republican party. However, he was not excessively interested in political questions; during the momentous election of 1860 he wrote, "I cannot get up much interest in the contest." He preferred the casual society of the "best people," travel, and occasional lectures on temperance.

War Years

Hayes's life of genteel idleness ended with the Civil War. He accepted a commission as major of the 23d Ohio Infantry. Now, for the first time in his life, he truly reveled in an all-masculine world, and he later looked back on the war as "the best years of our lives." He was brave to the point of recklessness and was wounded four times, once seriously. He rose to the rank of major general. What was more significant, his war record catapulted him into prominence in Ohio politics. While he was still in the military, he was nominated by the Republicans to serve in Congress and was elected without campaigning. He went to Washington for two terms, beginning in 1864.

In 1867 Hayes was elected governor of Ohio. He compiled a "moderate" record on all issues and retired to what he regarded as a permanent private life in 1871. However, in 1875, Republican leaders prevailed on him to stand again for governor, with the possibility of the presidential nomination the next year clearly understood. Successful, he entered his third term.

Disputed Election

Hayes entered the Republican nominating convention of 1876 as a minor candidate. The favorite, James G. Blaine, faced a number of opponents. In addition, the Republicans were sensitive to charges of political corruption, as the administration of Ulysses S. Grant had been blackened by scandal and Blaine had been implicated in a stock manipulation deal. Blaine's rivals withdrew one by one in favor of the deliberately "passive" Hayes.

The election, which pitted Republican Hayes against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, proved more difficult. Owing to questions of the legitimacy of vote casting and counting in several states, the whole election was questioned and the country plunged into debate. Finally, a congressional commission was established to decide the election. By a curious twist the commission was composed of eight Republicans and only seven Democrats. However, the dispute was settled, and Hayes took office in March 1877 without further serious incident because the Republicans had made informal agreements with Southern Democrats to work toward establishment of a new political alliance between men of means in both the North and the South. Hayes's party thus hoped to drive a wedge between the two wings of its opposition.

Hayes was more than happy with the plan. He was naturally a "Whig" and had been uncomfortable with Grant's "bloody shirt" politics. He did not personally regard deals with the Southern Democrats as abandoning the Republican commitment to Southern blacks; rather, he hoped to win paternalistic protection for them by encouraging the growth of the Republican party among whites.

As president, Hayes withdrew the last Federal troops from the South and, as a symbol of the end of this phase of the Reconstruction, decorated Confederate graves on Memorial Day, 1877. "My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism; to end the war and bring peace," Hayes remembered, but by 1878 he had to state, "I am reluctantly forced to admit that the experiment was a failure."

Though Hayes was as meticulous with detail as ever and dispensed his presidential duties ably, he abhorred active leadership. He pledged to serve only one term, and the Republicans were happy to retire him. Hayes spent his final years in prosperous retirement in Lower Sandusky, distracting himself with active participation in the Grand Army of the Republic and other veterans' organizations. He died on Jan. 17, 1893.

Further Reading

Hamilton J. Eckenrode, Rutherford B. Hayes: Statesman of Reunion (1930), is highly favorable to Hayes but suffers from a blatantly racist approach to the questions of Reconstruction that loomed so large in Hayes's career. Harry Barnard, Rutherford B. Hayes and His America (1954), is a model of thorough historical research and possesses shrewd insights. T. Harry Williams, Hayes of the Twenty-third (1965), is a fascinating account of Hayes's war years. C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction (1951; rev. ed. 1956), is the indispensable insight into the ending of Reconstruction, and H. Wayne Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley (1969), is the best recent overall account of the period. For the election of 1876 see Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections, vol. 2 (1971).

• Born: Oct. 4, 1822, Delaware, Ohio
• Political party: Whig, then Republican
• Education: Kenyon College, B.A., 1842; Harvard Law School, LL.B., 1845
• Military service: Ohio Volunteers, 1861–65
• Previous government service: solicitor of Cincinnati, 1858; U.S. House of Representatives, 1865–68; governor of Ohio, 1868–72, 1876–77
• Elected President, 1876; served, 1877–81
• Died: Jan. 17, 1893, Fremont, Ohio

Rutherford B. Hayes was the President who ended Reconstruction in the South. His honest administration restored the nation's faith in the Republican party after the corruption that occurred during the administration of Ulysses S. Grant.

Hayes never knew his father, who died before his birth. After graduating at the head of his class from Kenyon College and completing his legal studies at Harvard, Hayes practiced law in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was active in the Whig party. He became a Republican in 1856. During the Civil War he commanded an Ohio regiment, fought in six major campaigns, and received a medal “for gallant and distinguished services.” At the Battle of Winchester he captured an artillery position in hand-to-hand fighting. In the Battle of South Mountain he suffered a severe arm wound that ended his military career.

Hayes was then elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he supported the moderate wing of his party, which wished for conciliation with the South, rather than the radical Republicans, who intended to impose a harsh military occupation on the defeated region. He served three terms as governor of Ohio, providing honest and competent government. But Hayes failed in his efforts in 1868 to amend the state constitution to allow African Americans to vote. In 1876, as a dark horse candidate, Hayes defeated James G. Blaine for the Republican nomination for President. In his letter accepting the nomination, he pledged that he would not be a candidate for a second term.

Throughout his career Hayes managed to win one close election after another: it took 13 ballots for the Cincinnati city council to elect him solicitor; he won three Ohio gubernatorial contests by less than 1 percent margins; and his Presidential election followed a similar pattern. At first it appeared that Democrat Samuel J. Tilden was the winner. But Republicans challenged the results in Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina. These states had 20 electoral votes—enough for Hayes to win the White House.

Hayes believed that many African Americans had been intimidated from voting and that fraud had been committed. In South Carolina, for example, the number of votes counted was larger than the state's population. The Republican Senate and Democratic House created a 15-member electoral commission to examine the returns from these states and to certify which electoral votes—Democratic or Republican—it would accept as valid. The commission awarded all 20 of the contested electoral votes from these states to Hayes by a party-line vote of 8 to 7. On March 2, 1877, the commission declared Hayes elected by 185 to 184 electoral college votes.

In what historians have termed the “great betrayal” of African Americans, the Southern Democrats agreed to accept the election of Hayes in return for the withdrawal of all federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina, thus ending Reconstruction. The troops were withdrawn within two months of Hayes's inauguration. Republicans abandoned black voters, and without federal protection, white supremacy in politics and the segregation of public accommodations soon occurred. Republicans also promised the South financing for a transcontinental railroad line to link Southern and Western markets.

Early in his Presidency Hayes lost any chance of popular support through his actions during the railroad strikes of 1877. Workers faced wage cuts on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and they went on strike. At the request of the governor of West Virginia, Hayes sent federal troops to guard the mails and ensure the safety of trains. Rail strikes spread to Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and other cities. Eventually, the workers gave in to management, but the resentment against Hayes's use of troops led to the first congressional investigation of labor-management relations.

Hayes had campaigned for President as a reformer, distancing himself from the corrupt Grant administration. “He serves his party best who serves his country best,” he said in his inaugural address. Once in office, he alienated members of his party by making merit appointments and reforming government departments. His secretary of the interior, Carl Schurz, rooted out corrupt practices in the Indian Bureau. In June 1877 Hayes issued an order that civil servants could not be assessed, or forced by the parties to make political contributions, but this order was disregarded. Because of the opposition of New York party leader Senator Roscoe Conkling, it took Hayes two years to secure the dismissal for mismanagement of Chester A. Arthur as collector of the Port of New York. But Conkling (whom he had defeated for the nomination in 1876) was able to thwart Hayes's efforts to obtain civil service legislation.

After the 1878 midterm election Dem ocrats controlled both houses of Congress, and Hayes had little influence in the legislature. He often vetoed legislation passed by Congress. His most notable vetoes included the Bland-Allison Act, which required the resumption of silver coinage (Congress passed the bill over his veto); “riders” to appropriations bills sponsored by Southern Democrats that would have nullified federal election laws protecting black voting rights in Southern states; and a bill to exclude Chinese immigrants, on the grounds that it violated the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, an agreement between the United States and China that precluded the United States from a total exclusion of Chinese immigrants. Hayes bowed to anti-Chinese sentiment and negotiated a new treaty with China that limited immigration.

Hayes opposed a French scheme to build the Panama Canal, claiming it was a violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He sent a special message to Congress on March 8, 1880, stating that “the policy of this country is a canal under American control.” He further proclaimed that the United States would insist on exercising “supervision and authority” over any canal that was built. When the French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps formed an “advisory committee” in the United States and paid the secretary of the navy, Richard W. Thompson, $25,000 to serve, Hayes put an end to this effort to buy influence in the capital by firing Thompson. De Lesseps tried to build his canal anyway but eventually abandoned the project.

In other foreign matters, Hayes ordered U.S. troops into Mexico to end raids by Indians, eventually obtaining cooperation from Mexican authorities so that troops could be withdrawn. He negotiated a treaty with Samoa that gave the U.S. Navy the use of the port of Pago Pago.

In 1880 Hayes honored his pledge not to seek reelection. He returned to his home in Fremont, Ohio, where he promoted educational reforms, especially for African-American industrial education in the South. From 1883 on, he served as president of the National Prison Association, an organization established to promote improvements in the correctional system.

See also Arthur, Chester Alan; Electoral college; Grant, Ulysses S.; Monroe Doctrine; Veto power

Sources

• Kenneth E. Davison, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1972).
• Ari Hoogenboom, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988).
• Rayford Logan, The Betrayal of the Negro (New York: Collier, 1965)

(1822-1893), nineteenth president of the United States. Born in Ohio, Hayes graduated from Kenyon College at the top of his class in 1842 and three years later from Harvard Law School.

After beginning law practice in Lower Sandusky, Ohio, Hayes in 1850 moved to Cincinnati, where he married Lucy Ware Webb, an ardent abolitionist who helped make him a moderate reformer. Beginning in 1853 he defended captured runaway slaves. Later he joined the Republican party, entered politics, and from 1858 to 1861 was Cincinnati's city solicitor.

Outraged by the South's attack on Fort Sumter, Hayes volunteered for the Union army in 1861, served with conspicuous gallantry throughout the war, and emerged a major general and member-elect of Congress. In Congress from 1865 to 1867, he supported Radical Republican Reconstruction measures before resigning to run successfully for governor of Ohio. Reelected in 1869, Hayes counted as his greatest achievements Ohio's ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment and the establishment of Ohio State University. After retiring briefly, Hayes ran successfully for a third term as governor in 1875 and became Ohio's favorite-son candidate for the presidential nomination in 1876.

Hayes won the Republican nomination over his more prominent rivals because his record as a war hero, a Radical Republican congressman, and a reform governor would help him carry his crucial state. Hayes defeated the Democratic nominee, Samuel J. Tilden, after Congress, through an electoral commission, resolved a four-month dispute (pitting Democratic violence against Republican fraud) over who had carried South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida. Tilden always believed that in a fair election he would have carried those and other southern states, although there is no way of knowing if he was correct.

By applying his principles pragmatically, Hayes as president strengthened his party. With northern public opinion no longer supporting Radical Reconstruction, he ordered federal troops to cease protecting the last two Republican governors in the South but only after he extracted promises (which proved empty) from incoming Democrats to protect the civil rights of blacks. Hayes courageously vetoed popular legislation to prevent Chinese laborers from migrating to the United States and to expand the currency (although Congress passed the Bland-Allison Silver Act over his objections). He enhanced the power and prestige of the presidency by defeating congressional attempts to dictate his appointees and to force him to accept obnoxious legislation (designed to destroy the voting rights of blacks) added as riders to appropriation bills. During the great railroad strike of 1877, he resisted pressure to operate the railroads and avoided a confrontation between strikers and federal forces, thereby saving lives and property. Hayes insisted that the merit system be applied in the New York Customhouse and Post Office and demonstrated the practicality of civil service reform.

Despite his growing popularity, Hayes refused to run for a second term. In retirement he worked to improve the quality of education for poor black and white children and, in keeping with his liberal use of the pardoning power, served as president of the National Prison Reform Association.

Bibliography:

Harry Barnard, Rutherford B. Hayes and His America (1954); Ari Hoogenboom, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (1988).

Author:

Ari Hoogenboom

See also Compromise of 1877; Elections: 1876. For events during Hayes's administration, see Civil Service Reform; Greenback Party; Railroad Strike of 1877; Reconstruction.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes was a respected and successful lawyer in his home state of Ohio. He achieved further success while serving in the Union Army during the U.S. Civil War, and he went on to gain prominence as a politician from Ohio. His service as governor of Ohio and as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives led to his election as the nineteenth president of the United States.

Hayes was born October 4, 1822, in Delaware, Ohio. His father, Rutherford Hayes, died before Hayes was born and Hayes was raised by his mother, Sophia Birchard Hayes, with the help of his uncle, Sardis Birchard, a bachelor. Hayes was enrolled at Norwalk Academy, a Methodist school in Ohio, in the spring of 1836. The next year he joined Isaac Webb's Preparatory School, in Middletown, Connecticut, where Sardis aided with his tuition. In 1838 Hayes enrolled at Kenyon College, in Gambier, Ohio. He graduated first in his class in August 1842 and delivered the valedictory address. After graduating he studied French and German on his own.

He went on to Harvard Law School in 1843 and was later admitted to the Ohio bar. He began practicing law in Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), Ohio, as a partner of Ralph P. Buckland, a leading legal figure in the town. He assumed an active role in politics in 1848 when he worked to elect Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate for president. In 1849 he established a law office in Cincinnati, and eventually he became a prominent attorney in the city. In 1852 he was chosen to examine candidates for admission to the Ohio bar. Later that year he married Lucy Webb, whom he had known for nearly eight years.

Hayes developed into a leading and somewhat radical figure in Ohio politics. Like many Republicans he opposed slavery but saw no need to punish the South. He chose other avenues in the fight to end slavery, offering his services to the Underground Railroad, which helped Southern slaves escape to freedom in the North. In 1853 he defended a number of escaped slaves in court. He went on to form a well-known Cincinnati law firm, Corwine, Hayes, and Rogers.

In the 1860 presidential campaign, he worked for the election of Abraham Lincoln, but with no great enthusiasm. After Lincoln's election at the beginning of the Civil War, Hayes wrote in his diary, "Six states have ‘seceded.' Let them go." Nevertheless, when the war broke out, Hayes became active in the Union's military effort to unify the nation. In 1862 he was promoted to full colonel and given command of the Twenty-third Ohio Regiment. Hayes was wounded four times, once seriously, during the war. His composure in battle gained him the respect of those who served under him.

Hayes's popularity helped his political career. On October 19, 1864, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives for the Second Congressional District of Ohio. He was reelected in 1866. In 1867 the Ohio Republican party nominated Hayes as its candidate for governor. He gained considerable support from Radical Republicans who, like Hayes, opposed President Andrew Johnson's vetoes of legislation calling for military government in the South. On January 13, 1868, Hayes was inaugurated as governor of Ohio. He was reelected governor in 1870 and again in 1875.

Hayes favored a sound fiscal policy with regard to the use of public money, and he opposed public funds for Catholic schools. These issues struck a chord with Republicans throughout the United States, who sought to extend his fiscal policies to the federal level. He received the Republican nomination for president in 1876, to run against Samuel J. Tilden of New York.

Even before election results were in, Hayes wrote in his diary that he feared a contested election and perhaps even an armed conflict because of it. He apparently anticipated the most complicated election in the nation's history. On November 7, 1880, election results showed that Tilden had won 4.300 million popular votes to Hayes's 4.036 million, giving Tilden 184 electoral votes (one short of the needed majority) and Hayes 166.

A congressional election committee was designated to determine the winner of the election. After months of deliberation, Republicans managed to sway the committee by filling it with Republican loyalists. On March 2, 1877, Congress declared Hayes and his vice presidential candidate, William Almon Wheeler, of New York, the winners of the 1876 election.

In his inaugural address, Hayes stressed the importance of settling the problems left by Union occupation of Southern states. In April 1877 he ordered federal troops out of South Carolina and New Orleans. The era of the Reconstruction of the South initiated by former president Ulysses S. Grant was over.

During Hayes's administration he renewed the economic policy of satisfying the public debt with government currency, and he opposed measures passed by Congress to freely coin silver. Hayes reformed the process for appointing civil servants. He also signed legislation permitting women to practice law before the Supreme Court.

Hayes refused to run for reelection in 1880, and retired from politics. However, he continued to contribute to the landscape of American life. In 1882 he became the first president of the Slater Fund, founded to aid African American education programs in the South. He later gave a scholarship to a promising young man, W.E.B. Du Bois, who went on to attend Fisk and Harvard Universities and ultimately became a leading figure in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1883 Hayes became the first president of the National Prison Reform Association, a post he held for nearly ten years. Hayes was also a trustee of Ohio Wesleyan and Ohio State Universities.

On January 14, 1893, Hayes suffered severe chest pain while in Cleveland on business for Western Reserve and Ohio State Universities. His son Webb C. Hayes accompanied him to Speigel Grove, in Fremont, Ohio, where his wife had been buried three years earlier. On January 17 Hayes died, at the age of seventy.

Quotes:

"He serves his party best who serves his country best."

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Rutherford B. Hayes
President Rutherford Birchard Hayes taken in 1877 by Mathew Brady and Levin Handy
19th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
Vice President	William A. Wheeler
Preceded by	Ulysses S. Grant
Succeeded by	James A. Garfield
32nd Governor of Ohio
In office January 10, 1876 – March 2, 1877
Lieutenant	Thomas Lowry Young
Preceded by	William Allen
Succeeded by	Thomas Lowry Young
29th Governor of Ohio
In office January 13, 1868 – January 8, 1872
Lieutenant	John C. Lee
Preceded by	Jacob Dolson Cox
Succeeded by	Edward Follansbee Noyes
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd district
In office March 4, 1865 – July 20, 1867
Preceded by	Alexander Long
Succeeded by	Samuel F. Cary
Born	October 4, 1822(1822-10-04) Delaware, Ohio
Died	January 17, 1893 (aged 70) Fremont, Ohio
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Lucy Hayes
Children	Birchard Austin Hayes James Webb Cook Hayes Rutherford Platt Hayes Joseph Thompson Hayes George Crook Hayes Fanny Hayes Scott Russell Hayes Manning Force Hayes
Alma mater	Kenyon College Harvard Law School
Occupation	Lawyer
Religion	Christian
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States of America Union
Service/branch	United States Army Union Army
Years of service	1861-1865
Rank	Brevet Major General
Unit	23rd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry Kanawha Division
Battles/wars	American Civil War Battle of Cloyd's Mountain Valley Campaigns of 1864 Battle of Opequon Battle of Fisher's Hill Battle of Cedar Creek

Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881). Hayes was elected President by one electoral vote after the highly disputed election of 1876. Losing the popular vote to his opponent, Samuel Tilden, Hayes was the only president whose election was decided by a congressional commission.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Military service 3 Hayes and McKinley 4 Political service 5 Election of 1876 6 Presidency 1877–1881 6.1 Civil service reform 6.2 Domestic policy 6.3 Foreign policy 6.4 Civil Rights 6.5 Notable legislation 6.6 Significant events during his presidency 6.7 Administration and Cabinet 6.8 Supreme Court appointments 7 Post-Presidency 8 Family 9 Writings and speeches 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

Early life

Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio^[1], on October 4, 1822. His parents were Rutherford Hayes (January 4, 1787 Brattleboro, Vermont – July 20, 1822 Delaware, Ohio) and Sophia Birchard (April 15, 1792 Wilmington, Vermont – October 30, 1866 Columbus, Ohio). His father, a storekeeper, died ten weeks before his birth, ^[2]thus making Hayes the second U.S. president born after the death of his father, Andrew Jackson being the first. An uncle, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family and served as Hayes' guardian. Birchard schooled a young Hayes in Latin and Ancient Greek, and contributed much to his early education. Birchard was close to him throughout his life and became a father figure to him.

Hayes attended the common schools and the Methodist Academy in Norwalk. He graduated from Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio in August 1842 at the top of his class^[3]. He was an honorary member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Delta Chi chapter at Cornell), though he had already graduated after the Fraternity Chapter was Chartered. After briefly reading the law in Columbus, he graduated in 2 years from Harvard Law School in January 1845. He was admitted to the bar on May 10, 1845, and commenced practice in Lower Sandusky (now Fremont). After dissolving the partnership in Fremont in 1849, he moved to Cincinnati and resumed the practice of law.

Rutherford and Lucy Hayes on their wedding day, December 30, 1852.

On December 30, 1852, Hayes married Lucy Ware Webb. They had eight children (Sardis, James, Rutherford, Frances, Scott, and three died young). In 1856, he was nominated for but declined a municipal judgeship, but in 1858 accepted appointment as Cincinnati city solicitor by the city council and won election outright to that position in 1859, losing a reelection bid in 1860.

Military service

Upon moving to Cincinnati Hayes had become a member of a prominent social organization, the Cincinnati Literary Club, whose members included Salmon P. Chase and Edward Noyes among others, and upon outbreak of the Civil War the Literary Club made a military company. He was also a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (I.O.O.F). Appointed a major in the 23rd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, by Ohio Governor William Dennison Jr., he originally served as regimental judge-advocate but then was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and proved competent enough at field command that by August 1862 he had been promoted to Colonel and soon after received command of his original regiment after being wounded in action at the Battle of South Mountain, Maryland on September 14, 1862. Though other presidents served in the Civil War, Hayes was the only one that was wounded. He was wounded five times.

Brevetted to Brigadier General in December 1862, he commanded the First Brigade of the Kanawha Division of the Army of West Virginia and turned back several raids. In 1864, Hayes showed particular gallantry in spearheading a frontal assault and temporarily taking command from George Crook at the savage Battle of Cloyd's Mountain and continued with Crook on to Charleston. Hayes continued commanding his Brigade during the Valley Campaigns of 1864, participating in such major battles as the Battle of Opequon, the Battle of Fisher's Hill, and the Battle of Cedar Creek. At the end of the Shenandoah campaign, Hayes was promoted to Brigadier General in October 1864 and brevetted Major General. Hayes had been wounded three more times and had four horses shot from under him during his campaigning.^[4]

Hayes and McKinley

It was during his command of the 23rd Regiment of the Ohio Volunteer Infantry that Hayes met William McKinley Jr., who would later become the 25th President of the United States. Both become fraternal brothers of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (I.O.O.F.). Hayes promoted McKinley twice under his military command, including once for an act of bravery at Antietam. During Hayes' first Ohio gubernatorial race, McKinley engaged in political campaigning and rallying for Hayes' election by "making speeches in the Canton area".^[5] Later, as Governor of Ohio, Hayes provided political support for his fellow Republican and Ohioan during McKinley's bid for congressional election.

Political service

Hayes began political life as a Whig but in 1853 joined the Free Soil party as a delegate nominating Salmon P. Chase for Governor of Ohio.

While still in the Shenandoah in 1864, Hayes received the Republican nomination to Congress from Cincinnati. Hayes refused to campaign, stating "I have other business just now. Any man who would leave the army at this time to electioneer for Congress ought to be scalped." Despite this, Hayes was elected and served in the Thirty-ninth and again to the Fortieth Congresses and served from March 4, 1865, to July 20, 1867, when he resigned, having been nominated for Governor of Ohio. Through the powerful voice of his friend and Civil War subordinate James M. Comly's Ohio State Journal (one of the state's most influential newspapers), Hayes won the election and served as governor from 1868 to 1872. He was an unsuccessful candidate in 1872 for election to the Forty-third Congress, and had planned to retire from public life but was drafted by the Republican convention in 1875 to run for governor again and served from January 1876 to March 2, 1877. Hayes received national notice for leading a Republican sweep of a previously Democratic Ohio government.

Election of 1876

Main article: United States presidential election, 1876

A dark horse nominee (James G. Blaine had led the previous six ballots) by his convention, Hayes became president after the tumultuous, scandal-ridden years of the Grant administration. He had a reputation for honesty dating back to his Civil War years. Hayes was quite famous for his ability not to offend anyone. Henry C. Adams, a prominent political journalist and Washington insider, asserted that Hayes was "a third rate nonentity, whose only recommendation is that he is obnoxious to no one." Understandably, because of Hayes' relative anonymity and perceived insignificance, his opponent in the presidential election, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, was the favorite to win the presidential election and won the popular vote by about 250,000 votes (with about 8.5 million voters in total).

Hayes/Wheeler campaign poster

Four states' electoral college votes were contested. To win, the candidates had to muster 185 votes: Tilden was short just one, with 184 votes, Hayes had 165, with 20 votes representing the four states which were contested. To make matters worse, three of these states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina) were in the South, which was still under military occupation (the fourth was Oregon). Additionally, historians note, the election was not fair because of the improper fraud and intimidation perpetrated from both sides. A popular phrase of the day called it an election without "a free ballot and a fair count." For the next four years, Democrats would refer to Hayes as "Rutherfraud B. Hayes" for his allegedly illegitimate election, as he had lost the popular vote by roughly 250,000 votes.

To peacefully decide the results of the election, the two houses of Congress set up the bi-partisan Electoral Commission to investigate and decide upon the actual winner. The commission consisted of 15 members: five from the House, five from the Senate and five from the Supreme Court. In total, the Commission consisted of 7 Democrats, 7 Republicans and Independent Justice David Davis, who upon being elected to the senate resigned his seat on the Court, and thus in effect from the Commission. Joseph P. Bradley, a Supreme Court Justice, took his place. Bradley, however, was a Republican and thus the ruling followed party lines: 8 to 7 voted to award Hayes all the contested 20 electoral votes.

Key Ohio Republicans like James A. Garfield and the Democrats, however, agreed at a Washington hotel on the Wormley House Agreement. Southern Democrats were given assurances, in the Compromise of 1877, that if Hayes became president, he would pull federal troops out of the South and end Reconstruction. An agreement was made between them and the Republicans: if Hayes' cabinet consisted of at least one Southerner and he withdrew all Union troops from the South, then he would become President. This agreement restored local control over the Southern states, and ended national control over the state and local organs of government in the former Confederate states.

Presidency 1877–1881

Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite administering the oath of office to Rutherford B. Hayes , March 5, 1877. Photo by Brady

Because March 4, 1877 was a Sunday, Hayes took the oath of office in the Red Room of the Executive Mansion (White House) on March 3, becoming the first president to take the oath of office in the White House. This ceremony was held in secret, because the previous year's election had been so bitterly divisive that outgoing President Grant feared an insurrection by Tilden's supporters and wanted to ensure that any Democratic attempt to hijack the public inauguration ceremony would fail, Hayes having been sworn in already in private. Hayes took the oath again publicly on March 5 on the East Portico of the United States Capitol, and served until March 4, 1881. Hayes' best known quotation, "He serves his party best who serves his country best," is from his 1877 Inaugural Address.

Civil service reform

Hayes ordered an executive order that forbade federal office holders from taking part in party politics and protected them from receiving party contributions. When Hayes enforced this order at the New York Customs House, the nations largest revenue colletion agency, it created conflict with Senator Roscoe Conkling, who was in charge of civil service employment in New York state and leader of a Republican faction known as the "Stalwarts". Hayes removed many employees at the New York Customs House, including Chester A. Arthur, in an effort to "clean house" and stop party corruption. Conflict between Hayes and Conkling exacerbated when Hayes made efforts to reconcile with old Confederate states. ^[6][7]

Domestic policy

Hayes kicking Chester A. Arthur out of the New York Customs House.

Hayes' most controversial domestic act – apart from ending Reconstruction – came with his response to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, in which employees of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad walked off the job and were joined across the country by thousands of workers in their own and sympathetic industries. When the labor disputes exploded into riots in several cities, Hayes called in federal troops, who, for the first time in U.S. history, fired on the striking workers, killing more than 70. Although the troops eventually managed to restore the peace, working people and industrialists alike were displeased with the military intervention. Workers feared that the federal government had turned permanently against them, while industrialists feared that such brutal action would spark revolution similar to the European Revolutions of 1848.

Foreign policy

In 1878, Hayes was asked by Argentina to act as arbitrator following the War of the Triple Alliance between Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay. The Argentines hoped that Hayes would give the Gran Chaco region to them; however, he decided in favor of the Paraguayans. His decision made him a hero in Paraguay, and a city (Villa Hayes) and a department (Presidente Hayes) were named in his honor. A regional historical museum was named for him as well as schools, roads, and a soccer team (Los Yanquis, Spanish for the Yankees). At the Rutherford B. Hayes elementary school in Villa Hayes is a bronze bust of Hayes, which was donated by the Hayes family in the 1950s.^[8][9]

Hayes attempted to build the Panama Canal, as he thought that a Central American canal should be under US-control.^[10] At the time, the French were making plans to build a canal designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. De Lesseps would later be forced to appear in a congressional committee to testify about the international connections of his company.^[11] However, the canal was delayed due to political reasons, including the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. The canal would be built under American-control years later under Theodore Roosevelt.

Left
An 1881 Puck cartoon show James A. Garfield, Hayes' successor in the presidency, finding a baby at his front door with a tag marked "Civil Service Reform, compliments of R.B. Hayes". Hayes is seen in the background dressed like a woman and holding a bag marked "R.B. Hayes' savings, Fremont, Ohio".

Civil Rights

Hayes withdrew troops from the Reconstructive states and as a gesture of good will decorated Confederate war graves on Memorial Day, 1877. Hayes wanted to assimilate African Americans into White society with paternalistic protection by encouraging the growth of Republican Reconstruction ideals in states that were reluctant to enforce civil rights. Hayes did not regard making deals with Democrats as abandoning civil rights agenda for African Americans. However, by 1878, Hayes opinions about Reconstruction had changed, "My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism; to end the war and bring peace...I am reluctantly forced to admit that the experiment was a failure."^[12] During the Hayes administration "Jim Crow" laws spread around the country that prevented African Americans from voting. Hayes was reluctant to redeploy federal troops to enforce the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The withdrawal of federal troops within the first two months of the Hayes Presidency is considered by many historians as "the great betrayal" to African Americans. Without federal protection segregation of public accommodations and white supremacy in politics was permitted in many states throughout the country. Republicans abandoned African voters who were left to fend for themselves.^[13]

Hayes vetoed bills repealing civil rights enforcement four times before finally signing one that satisfied his requirement for black rights. However, his subsequent attempts to reconcile with his Southern Democrat opposition by handing them prestigious civil service appointments both alienated fellow Republicans and undermined his own previous attempts at civil service reform. Hayes also vetoed a bill that would have prevented further Chinese immigration into the United States. ^[14]

During his presidency, Hayes signed a number of bills including one signed on February 15, 1879 which, for the first time, allowed female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Notable legislation

Other acts include:

• Compromise of 1877
• Desert Land Act (1877)
• Bland-Allison Act (1878)
• Timber and Stone Act (1878)
• Tidewater Act (1879)^{[citation needed]}

Significant events during his presidency

• Munn v. Illinois (1876)
• Great Railroad Strike (1877)
• Yellow Fever Outbreak (1878)

Administration and Cabinet

Official White House portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes

The Hayes Cabinet
Office	Name	Term
President	Rutherford B. Hayes	1877–1881
Vice President	William A. Wheeler	1877–1881
Secretary of State	William M. Evarts	1877–1881
Secretary of Treasury	John Sherman	1877–1881
Secretary of War	George W. McCrary	1877–1879
	Alexander Ramsey	1879–1881
Attorney General	Charles Devens	1877–1881
Postmaster General	David M. Key	1877–1880
	Horace Maynard	1880–1881
Secretary of the Navy	Richard W. Thompson	1877–1880
	Nathan Goff, Jr.	1881
Secretary of the Interior	Carl Schurz	1877–1881

Supreme Court appointments

Hayes appointed two Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States:

• John Marshall Harlan – 1877
• William Burnham Woods – 1881

Post-Presidency

The Hayes' home called Spiegel Grove in Fremont, Ohio.

Rutherford and Lucy Hayes' grave at Spiegel Grove.

Hayes did not seek re-election in 1880, keeping his pledge that he would not run for a second term. He had, in his inaugural address, proposed a one-term limit for the presidency combined with an increase in the term length to six years.

Hayes served on the Board of Trustees of Ohio State University, the school he helped found during his time as governor of Ohio, from the end of his Presidency until his death.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes died of complications of a heart attack in Fremont, Sandusky County, Ohio, at 12:00 p.m. on Tuesday January 17, 1893. His last words were "I know that I'm going where Lucy is." Interment was in Oakwood Cemetery^[15]. Following the gift of his home to the state of Ohio for the Spiegel Grove State Park, he was reinterred there in 1915.

A high school was named after him in his birth hometown, Delaware, OH, Rutherfor B. Hayes High School.

Family

Hayes was the youngest of four children. Two of his siblings, Lorenzo Hayes (1815–1825) and Sarah Sophia Hayes (1817–1821), died in childhood, as was common at the time. Hayes was close to his surviving sibling, Fanny Arabella Hayes (1820–1856), as can be seen in this diary entry, written just after her death:

July, 1856. My dear only sister, my beloved Fanny, is dead! The dearest friend of childhood, the affectionate adviser, the confidante of all my life, the one I loved best, is gone; alas! never again to be seen on earth.

With Lucy Ware Webb, Hayes had the following children:

• Birchard Austin Hayes (1853-1926)
• James Webb Cook Hayes (1856-1934)
• Rutherford Platt Hayes (1858-1927)
• Joseph Thompson Hayes (1861-1863)
• George Crook Hayes (1864-1866)
• Fanny Hayes (1867-1950)
• Scott Russell Hayes (1871-1923)
• Manning Force Hayes (1873-1874)

Writings and speeches

Monday, March 5th, 1877 Inaugural Address:

“

I shall not undertake to lay down irrevocably principles or measures of administration, but rather to speak of the motives which should animate us, and to suggest certain important ends to be attained in accordance with our institutions and essential to the welfare of our country.[16]

”

“

Many of the calamitous efforts of the tremendous revolution which has passed over the Southern States still remain. The immeasurable benefits which will surely follow, sooner or later, the hearty and generous acceptance of the legitimate results of that revolution have not yet been realized. Difficult and embarrassing questions meet us at the threshold of this subject.[17]

”

“

With respect to the two distinct races whose peculiar relations to each other have brought upon us the deplorable complications and perplexities which exist in those States, it must be a government which guards the interests of both races carefully and equally.[18]

”

See also

American Civil War portal

United States Army portal

• List of American Civil War generals

References

1. ^ http://www.presidentialavenue.com/rh.cfm#1
2. ^ http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/diaries/
3. ^ Rutherford B. Hayes. American-Presidents.com. Accessed November 1, 2009.
4. ^ Ex-President Hayes Dead; Neuralgia of the Heart the Cause. He Was Stricken Last Saturday at the Home of His Son in Cleveland - Taken Home Ill, but Expected to Recover - Obituary Sketch, The New York Times, January 18, 1893. Retrieved on November 30, 2007.
5. ^ Ohio Historical Society | Ohio Governors
6. ^ http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ha034200.a#FWNE.fw..ha034200.a
7. ^ http://www.funtrivia.com/en/World/Arthur-Chester-13695.html
8. ^ http://www.ohiomagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=Events&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=0D549927D9364573812B50822D4B2BD4&tier=4&id=5764F6CF4DB148D8A9147435373CD7DD
9. ^ http://www.freep.com/article/20090215/NEWS07/90215007/-1/rss07
10. ^ http://americanhistory.about.com/od/rutherfordbhayes1/p/phayes.htm
11. ^ http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560844_4/Rutherford_B_Hayes.html
12. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/rutherford-b-hayes
13. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/rutherford-b-hayes
14. ^ http://www.answers.com/topic/rutherford-b-hayes
15. ^ http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/grovephotos/
16. ^ http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres35.html
17. ^ http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres35.html
18. ^ http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres35.html

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Rutherford B. Hayes

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Rutherford B. Hayes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rutherford B. Hayes

• Rutherford B. Hayes at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-10-19
• Rutherford B. Hayes: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
• Essays on Rutherford Hayes, each member of his cabinet, and the First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
• Inaugural Address
• The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, Ohio
• White House Biography
• Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes
• Works by Rutherford B. Hayes at Project Gutenberg
• Rutherford B. Hayes at Find a Grave Retrieved on 2008-02-12
• Hayes 1893 New York Times obituary

Political offices
Preceded by Ulysses S. Grant	President of the United States March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Succeeded by James A. Garfield
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United States House of Representatives
Preceded by Alexander Long	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd congressional district March 4, 1865 – July 20, 1867	Succeeded by Samuel F. Cary
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Preceded by Ulysses S. Grant	Republican Party presidential candidate 1876	Succeeded by James A. Garfield
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Preceded by Ulysses S. Grant	Oldest U.S. President still living July 23, 1885 – January 17, 1893	Succeeded by Benjamin Harrison

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Persondata
NAME	Hayes, Rutherford B.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Rutherford Birchard Hayes
SHORT DESCRIPTION	19th President of the United States
DATE OF BIRTH	October 4, 1822
PLACE OF BIRTH	Delaware, Ohio
DATE OF DEATH	January 17, 1893
PLACE OF DEATH	Fremont, Ohio

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