neologism

A neologism (pronounced /niˈɒlədʒɪzəm/); from Greek νές (neo 'new' + logos 'word') is a newly coined word that may be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. According to Oxford English Dictionary the term neologism was first used in print in 1772.

Other uses

In psychiatry, the term neologism is used to describe the use of words that only have meaning to the person who uses them, independent of their common meaning. This is considered normal in children, but a symptom of thought disorder (indicative of a psychotic mental illness, such as schizophrenia) in adults.^[1]

People with autism also may create neologisms.^[2]

Use of neologisms may also be related to aphasia acquired after brain damage resulting from a stroke or head injury.^[3]

In theology, a neologism is a relatively new doctrine (for example, rationalism). In this sense, a neologist is one who proposes either a new doctrine or a new interpretation of source material such as religious texts.

Background

Neologisms are often created by combining existing words (see compound noun and adjective) or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. Portmanteaux are combined words that begin to be used commonly. Neologisms also can be created through abbreviation or acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words or simply through playing with sounds.

Neologisms often become popular through memetics, by way of mass media, the Internet, and word of mouth, including academic discourse in many fields renowned for their use of distinctive jargon, and often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common use just as readily as they appeared. Whether a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way.

When a word or phrase is no longer "new", it is no longer a neologism. Neologisms may take decades to become "old", however. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be to cease being considered a neologism.

Protologism

A protologism is a new word created in the hope that it will become accepted. A protologism may be no more than suggestion of a word that might be used, whereas a neologism is a word that has been used. The term protologism, itself a neologism, was coined by Mikhail Epstein in 2003.^[4] Neologisms don't necessarily begin as protologisms since they may arise rapidly and unintentionally.

Evolution of neologisms

Newly-created words entering a language tend to pass through the following stages:^{[citation needed]}

• Unstable – extremely new, being proposed, or being used only by a small subculture (also known as Protologisms)
• Diffused – having reached a significant frequency of use, but not yet having gained widespread acceptance
• Stable – having become recognizable, being en vogue, and perhaps, gaining lasting acceptance
• Dated – the point where the word has ceased being novel, entered formal linguistic acceptance and, even may have passed into becoming a cliché
• Passé – when a neologism becomes so culturally dated that the use of it is avoided because its use is seen as a stigma, a sign of being out of step with the norms of a changed cultural tradition, perhaps, with the neologism dropping from the lexicon altogether

Sources of neologism

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Science

Words or phrases created to describe new scientific hypotheses, discoveries, or inventions include:

• x-ray, or röntgenograph (November 8, 1895, by Röntgen)
• radar (1941) from Radio Detection And Ranging
• black hole (in the 1960s)
• laser (1960) from Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
• quasar (1964)
• prion (1982)
• beetle bank (early 1990s)
• lidar (late 1990s) from Light Detection And Ranging

Science fiction

Concepts created to describe new, futuristic ideas include,

• beaming (1931)
• hyperspace (1934)
• robotics (1941)
• waldo (1942)
• Dyson sphere (circa 1960)
• grok (1961)
• ansible (1966)
• phaser (1966)
• warp speed (1966)
• ringworld (1971)
• replicant (1982)
• cyberspace (1984)
• xenocide (1991)
• metaverse (1992)
• alien space bats (1998)
• teleojuxtaposition (2003)

Literature more generally

See "Neologisms in literature" topic below.

Politics

See also Category:Political neologisms

Words or phrases created to make some kind of political or rhetorical point, sometimes perhaps with an eye to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, include:

• genocide (1943)
• Dixiecrat (1948)
• meritocracy (1958)
• pro-life (1961)
• homophobia (1969)
• political correctness (1970)
• Californication (1970s)
• pro-choice (1975)
• heterosexism (1979)
• glocalisation (1980s)
• sie and hir (pronouns) (1981)
• Republicrat (1985)
• astroturfing (1986)
• dog-whistle politics (1990)
• Islamophobia (1991)
• soccer mom (1992)
• fauxtography (1996)^[5]
• affluenza (1997)
• red state/blue state/swing state (c. 2000)
• corporatocracy (2000s)
• Islamofascism (2001)
• santorum (2003)
• Chindia (2004)
• NASCAR dad (2004)
• datagogy
• Saddlebacking (2009)

Corporate branding

Words coined to name or re-brand corporations and signifying new meaning include:

• Accenture (2001), derived from "accent on the future"
• Acette (2002), derived from "ace", meaning expertise, and the encapsulating suffix "ette"; when read together as aye~set signifying "expertise encapsulated".
• Protiviti (2002), derived from professionalism and proactivity as well as independence and integrity.

Design

Words created to describe new kinds of objects and concepts originating in various types of design include:

• Bauhaus (early 20th century)
• blobject (1990s)
• fabject (2004), a fabricated 3-D object^[6]
• kirkyan (2006)^{[citation needed]}

Popular culture

Words or phrases evolved from mass media content or used to describe popular cultural phenomena (these may be considered a variety of slang as well as neologisms) include:

• moin'' (early 20th century)
• prequel (1958)
• Internet (1974)
• jumping the shark (late 1970s)
• posterized (c. 1980s) ("posterize" also has existed for some time as a term for an image-editing technique; its neologistic sports usage is completely unrelated)
• queercore (mid 1980s)
• plus-size (1990s)
• blog (late 1990s)
• hard-target search (1993) - first used in the movie "The Fugitive"
• chav (early 2000s)
• webinar (early 2000s)
• wardrobe malfunction (2004)
• truthiness (2005) (already existed as an obscure word previously recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary, but its 2005 usage on The Colbert Report was a neologistic one, with a new definition)
• fauxhawk (mid 2000s)
• From d'oh to cromulent – many culturally-significant phrases from The Simpsons (1989–) are now in common use
• consumerization (2004)
• santorum (2003)
• saddlebacking (2009)

Commerce and advertising

Genericised trademarks include:

• aspirin
• heroin
• band-aid
• frisbee
• hoover
• kleenex
• laundromat

Linguistics

Words or phrases created to describe new language constructs include:

• retronym (popularized in 1980)
• backronym (1983)
• aptronym (2003; popularized by Franklin Pierce Adams)
• snowclone (2004)
• xerox
• googling
• photoshopping
• protologism (2005)

Other

Miscellaneous sources include:

• nonce words—are words coined and used only for a particular occasion, usually for a special literary effect.

Neologisms in literature

Many neologisms have come from popular literature and tend to appear in different forms. Most commonly, they are simply taken from a word used in the narrative of a book; a few representative examples are: "grok" (to achieve complete intuitive understanding), from Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein; "McJob", from Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture by Douglas Coupland; "cyberspace", from Neuromancer by William Gibson; "nymphet" from Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov.

Sometimes the title of a book becomes the neologism, for instance, Catch-22 (from the title of Joseph Heller's novel). Alternately, the author's name may become the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as "Orwellian" (from George Orwell, referring to his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four) and "Ballardesque" or "Ballardian" (from J.G. Ballard, author of Crash). Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle was the container of the Bokononism family of nonce words.

Another category is words derived from famous characters in literature, such as quixotic (referring to the titular character in Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantes), a scrooge (from the main character in Dickens's A Christmas Carol), or a pollyanna (from Eleanor H. Porter's book of the same name). James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, composed in a uniquely complex linguistic style, coined the words monomyth and quark.

Lewis Carroll has been called "the king of neologistic poems" because of his poem, "Jabberwocky", which incorporated dozens of invented words. The early modern English prose writings of Sir Thomas Browne are the source of many neologisms as recorded by the OED.

Quotation

"Yesterday's neologisms, like yesterday's jargon, are often today's essential vocabulary."

– Academic Instincts, 2001^[7]

See also

Notes

References

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)

External links

General information

• Root knowledge : The need for neologisms
• Neologism History & Evaluation
• International Dictionary of Literary Terms : Neologisms
• The Urban Dictionary
• Langmaker.com, a regularly updated directory of over 1,100 invented languages and neographies.

Wiktionary

Look up neologism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Wiktionary: Neologisms

• Wiktionary: Neologisms unstable^{[dead link]}
• Wiktionary: Neologisms diffused^{[dead link]}
• Wiktionary: Neologisms stable^{[dead link]}
• protologism

Indices

• Neologisms in Journalistic Text
• Internet Neologisms
• Rice University Neologisms Database
• Neologisms from the Internet - with Esther Dyson, Jimmy Wales and more...

Foreign languages

• German neologism dictionary. Invites users to coin their own new words.