Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editor developed
and published by Adobe Systems. It is the current market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation, and is the flagship product of Adobe Systems. It has been described as "an industry
standard for graphics professionals."[1] Although
originally designed to edit images for paper-based printing, Photoshop can also be used for a wide range of other professional
and amateur purposes.
The current (10th) iteration of the program, Photoshop CS3, was released on 16 April
2007. "CS" reflects its integration with other Creative
Suite products, and the number "3" represents it as the third version released since Adobe re-branded its products under
the CS umbrella. Photoshop CS3 features additions such as the ability to apply non-destructive filters, as well as new selection
tools named Quick Selection and Refine Edge that make selection more streamlined. On April 30th, Adobe released Photoshop CS3
Extended, which includes all the same features of Adobe Photoshop CS3 with the addition of capabilities for scientific imaging,
3D, and high end film and video users.
Development
Early history
In 1987, Thomas Knoll, then a PhD student
at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display grayscale images on a monochrome display. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light & Magic employee,
who recommended Thomas turn it into a full-fledged image editing program. Thomas took a six month break from his studies in 1988
to collaborate with his brother on the program, which had been renamed ImagePro.[2] Later that year, Thomas renamed his program Photoshop and worked out a
short-term deal with scanner manufacturer Barneyscan to distribute copies of the program (under the name Barneyscan XP) with
their scanners.[3]
During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the
program to engineers at Apple Computer Inc. and Russell Brown, art director at
Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to
distribute in September 1988.[2] While John
worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann
Arbor writing out program code. Photoshop 1.0 was released in 1990 for Macintosh exclusively.[4]
Releases
- Further information: Adobe Photoshop release history
Continual revisions were made to the program, with new versions released in the following years. In November 1992, a
Microsoft Windows port of version 2.0 of the software was released, and a year later
it was ported to the SGI IRIX and Sun Solaris platforms. In September 1994, version
3.0 was released, which introduced layers and tabbed palettes. This
version's logo also introduced the "eye" motif seen until version 8.0 of the program.[5] In February 2003, the program shipped with the Camera RAW 1.x plug-in, which
allowed the user to import RAW formats from different digital cameras directly into Photoshop.[6]
In October 2004, the program was renamed Adobe Photoshop CS. The name uses the abbreviation CS for products in
Adobe Creative Suite. The logo focused around a feather, which was also used in
9.0.[5] The 10th version, Photoshop CS3 was
released on April 16, 2007, with an icon modelled after
periodic table elements, matching the new icons
of other Creative Suite products.
Photoshop is written in the [[C++]] programming language.[7]
Features
Photoshop has strong ties with other Adobe software for media editing, animation, and authoring. Files in Photoshop's native
format, .PSD, can be exported to and from Adobe ImageReady, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, and Adobe Encore DVD to make professional
standard DVDs and provide non-linear editing and special effects services, such as backgrounds, textures, and so on, for
television, film, and the Web. For example, Photoshop CS broadly supports making menus and buttons for DVDs. For .PSD files exported as a menu or button, it only needs to have layers, nested in layer sets with a cuing
format, and Adobe Encore DVD reads them as buttons or menus.
Photoshop can utilize the color models RGB, lab, CMYK, grayscale,
binary bitmap, and duotone. Photoshop has the ability to read
and write raster and vector image formats such
as: .EPS, .PNG, .GIF, .JPEG, Fireworks, etc. It also has several native file
formats:
- The .PSD (Photoshop Document) format stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop.
These include layers with masks, color spaces, ICC
profiles, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, Clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e.g. .EPS or .GIF)
that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality. Photoshop's popularity means that the .PSD format is
widely used, and it is supported to some extent by most competing software.
- The .PSB (Photoshop Big) format is a newer version of .PSD designed for files over 2 gigabytes.
- The .PDD (PhotoDeluxe Document) format is a version of .PSD that only supports the features found in the discontinued
PhotoDeluxe software.
CS3
Smart Layers display the filter without altering the original image
Photoshop CS3 is marketed with three main components of improvement over previous versions: "Work more productively, Edit with
unrivaled power, and composite with breakthrough tools."[8] New features propagating productivity include streamlined interface,
improved Camera Raw, better control over print options, enhanced PDF support,
and better management with Adobe Bridge. Editing tools new to CS3 are the Clone Source
palette and nondestructive Smart Filters, and other features such as the Channel Mixer and Vanishing Point were enhanced.
Compositing is assisted with Photoshop's new Quick Selection and Refine Edge tools and improved image stitching technology.[8]
CS3 Extended contains all features of CS3 plus tools for editing and importing some 3D
graphics file formats, enhancing video, and comprehensive image analysis tools, utilizing MATLAB integration and DICOM file
support.[9]
The logo is composed of white letters "Ps" on a gradient blue square.
Plugins
-
Photoshop functionality can be extended by add-on programs called Photoshop plugins
which act like mini-editors that modify the image. The most common type are filter plugins that provide various image effects.
They are located in the 'Filter' menu: pre-installed plugins come first, and third-party plugins are placed below the
separator.
Trademark
Adobe discourages use of "Photoshop" as a verb, as in using photoshopping to
refer to photo editing, to preserve product identity and trademark.[10] Nevertheless, it is
widely acknowledged that photoshop is used as a verb.[citation needed]
Consumer market
While Photoshop is the industry standard image editing program for professional raster
graphics, its relatively high suggested retail price has led to a number of competing graphics tools being made available at lower prices for the amateur
market. To compete in this market, and to counter unusually high rates of piracy of its high end products, the company introduced Adobe Photoshop Elements, a version of Photoshop with many professional features removed. This
is aimed firmly at the general consumer market as it is less desirable for prepress work.
See also
References
External links
zh-yue:Adobe Photoshop
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