rooster

Rooster crowing during daylight

A Rhode Island Red.

A Barred Plymouth Rock cockerel crowing

A rooster, cock or cockerel is a male chicken (Gallus gallus), the female being a hen. The original term is "cock", from Old English cocc, but this term tends to be avoided these days due to its use in sexual slang. It is replaced by euphemisms: "cockerel" (which properly refers to a young male chicken) in Britain, and "rooster" (a relative neologism) in North America and Australia. "Roosting" is the action of perching aloft to sleep at night, and is actually done by both sexes.

The cock is non-monogamous, but cannot guard several nests of eggs at once. He guards the general area where his hens are nesting, and will attack other roosters who enter his territory. During the daytime, he often sits on a high perch, usually 4–5 feet off the ground, to serve as a lookout for his flock. He will sound a distinctive alarm call if predators are nearby. In a recent USDA study, researchers decided that the crow of the rooster in the morning may have long term effects on the hearing of infants, whose ears are not yet accustomed to such sounds.^{[citation needed]}

Crowing

The rooster is often (accurately) pictured in art as crowing at the break of dawn. He can often be seen sitting on fence posts or other objects, where he crows to proclaim his territory. However, he will also crow during the rest of the day, and even sometimes on a bright moonlit night. He has several other calls as well, and can cluck the same as a hen.

Cocks generally tend to wail when they are distressed or in heat. The sound made by the cock is spelled onomatopœically as "cock-a-doodle-do" in English, but otherwise in some other languages, such as: Arabic kookookoo-koo, Bulgarian кукуригу (kukurigu), Catalan Co-co-ro-co, Chinese goh-geh-goh-goh, Croatian ku-ku-ri-ku Czech kykyrikí, Danish kykeliky, Dutch kukeleku, Esperanto kokeriko, Estonian kukeleegu or kikerikii, Faroese kakkulárakó, Filipino Tik-ti-la-ok, Finnish kukkokiekuu, French cocorico, German kikeriki, Greek kikiriku, Gujarati kuk-de-kuk, Hebrew ku-ku-ri-ku, Hindustani kuk-roo-koon or kuk-roo-kroon, Hungarian kukurikú, Indonesian kukuruyuk, Italian chicchirichì, Japanese ko-ke kokkoh, Korean k'ok'iyo, Lithuanian ka-ka-rie-ku, Latvian ki-ke-ri-gū, Norwegian kykkeliky, Persian ququliqu, Polish kukuryku, Portuguese Có có ró có, Romanian cucurigu, Russian ку-ка-ре-ку (ku-ka-rye-ku), Sanskrit काक (kāka), Serbian ku-ku-ri-ku, Slovak kikirikí,Slovene kikiriki, Spanish qui-qui-ri-qui', Swahili KokoRikoo koo, Swedish kuckeliku, Tamil ko-ka-ra-ko, Thai yeki-yeki-yek, Turkish üü-ürü-üüü, Urdu kuk roo kroon, and Vietnamese ò-ó-o-o.

Cultural references

A cock relaxing in sunlight.

The Talmud refers to learning "courtesy from the rooster" (eruvin 100b). This reference may be attributed to the behaviour of a cock when he finds something good to eat: he calls his flock to eat first. This call is distinctive from regular clucking or crowing. While giving this call, he will repeatedly pick up a morsel of food and drop it again to attract the attention of the hens. A mother hen uses a similar call and action to teach her chicks to feed. At another place in the Talmud (תלמוד בבלי מסכת ביצה דף ז עמוד א) it is said about the rooster: "[...] Everything that fulfils its task at daytime, is born at daytime - this is the rooster". ...

And again at another place in the Talmud (תלמוד בבלי מסכת ברכות דף ז עמוד א) the rooster is seen as an indicator of the short moment in the day where God could be angry and would permit the cursing of a person by another: "[...] And when is he [God] angry? - Abaye says: In [one moment of] those first three hours of the day, when the comb of the cock is white and it stands on one foot. Why, in each hour it stands thus? - In each hour it has red streaks, but in this moment it has no red streaks at all. (However, this does not seem to apply to actual biology, because a cock's comb does not change color in the morning. It might be a literary hyperbole intended to say that God does not permit cursing others, since the moment described does not actually exist. And indeed, this next story supports that view):

• In the neighbourhood of R. Joshua b. Levi there was a Sadducee who used to annoy him very much with [his interpretation of] texts. One day the Rabbi took a cock, placed it between the legs of his bed and watched it. He thought: When this moment arrives I shall curse him. When the moment arrived he was dozing. [On waking up] he said: We learn from this that it is not proper to act in such a way. ..." (The translation here is taken from the Soncino edition of the Babylonian Talmud)

Also the Greek philosopher Socrates has an interesting connection to a rooster: After he has already drunk the poison in his cell in Athens (at the end of the Platonic Dialogue Phaedo) his last words are: "O Kriton, we still owe a rooster to Asclepius", emphasizing that death is the cure for the pains of life.

The legend of the Barcelos cockerel goes back to the 13th Century. A pilgrim on his way to Santiago de Compostela stopped in Barcelos and was wrongly accused of theft and sentenced to death by hanging. After appealing to Our Lady and Saint James the Great, he announced that if he was innocent, the roasted rooster that the judge was about to eat would get up and crow. It did, the pilgrim was spared, and since then, brightly painted ceramic cockerels are sold throughout Portugal as symbols of good luck.

A similar story is told in the mediaeval carol Herod and the Cockin which a sceptical King Herod sneers that if the news of the birth of the Messiah be true, the very cock on the platter before him will come to life and crow loudly. The story is also found in some of the New Testament Apocrypha.

Some Vietnamese refer to the rooster by extending their thumb from a fist, then bringing that fist to the crown of the head while moving in an arcing motion toward the base of the head. This action symbolizes the power the cock holds in the Vietnamese culture. During the Tet (New Year's) Festival feathers from the cock are used to sweep out evil and bring joy and peace in with the new year.

Capons

Main article: Capon

A rooster

A capon is a castrated rooster. In this procedure the testes of the cock are completely removed; a surgical procedure is required for this as its sexual organs are not external (most birds, the rooster included, do not possess a penis). As a result of this procedure certain male physical characteristics will develop, but stunted:

• The comb and wattles cease growing after castration, so the head of a capon looks small.
• The hackle, tail and saddle feathers grow unusually long.

Caponization also affects the disposition of the bird. Removal of the bird's testes eliminates the male sex hormones, lessening the male sex instincts and changing their behaviour: the birds become more docile and less active and tend not to fight.

This procedure produces a unique type of poultry meat which is favoured by a specialized market. The meat of normal uncastrated cocks has a tendency to become coarse, stringy and tough as the birds age. This process does not exist in the capon. As caponized cocks grow slower than entire males they accumulate more body fat; the concentration of fat in both the light and dark areas of the capon meat is greater than in that of the uncastrated males; overall, it is often thought that capon meat is more tender, juicy, and flavorful than regular chicken.

In China, the Yangbi Huang breed can grow to be the largest rooster in the Asian continent, up to 35 cm long. This is thought to be caused by the castration of the cocks practised by farmers in Northern China, which affects the hormonal balance.

As domestic pets

Cocks peck with 15 lbs of force.

Cock amongst a flock of hens

Cock searching for food

While it is not as common in cities as in small towns or farms, some people do keep domestic cocks. It's debatable whether or not this kind of environment is adequate for these birds. However, cocks are common in Hawaii. Some general tips for raising and keeping the well being of domestic cocks include:

• Giving them a wide and open area to live and walk about, allowing them plenty of space to "roost"
• At night, keep them in a simple but comfortable structure or bed, allowing them space to crow at dawn.
• Try to keep their sleeping space dark. Cocks usually crow at the first sight of light, which could irritate neighbours.
• Feed them a mixture of half cracked corn and breeder pellets, sold at any live poultry house.
• Clean their living space frequently.
• Prevent interaction between cocks whenever possible.

Symbol of France

Main article: gallic rooster

The cock is a national symbol of France and is used as an (unofficial) national mascot, in particular for sports teams (such as football (soccer) and rugby union). Its origin appears to be from the play on words between the Latin name for the bird (gallus) and Gaul (Gallia), the Roman name for most of what is now France. A rooster was chosen to be the mascot of the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

The French Rugby League team of the 1950's inspired the adoption of the Rooster as mascot by the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League team in the Sydney Rugby League. They continue today as the Sydney Roosters, and there are many other regional and junior rugby league teams that use the Rooster as their mascot.

Cockfight

Main article: Cockfight

A cockfight is a contest held in a ring called a cockpit between two gamecocks. Gamecocks are not typical farm chickens. The roosters are specially bred and trained for increased stamina and strength. The comb and wattle is cut off of a young gamecock because if left intact, it would be a disadvantage during a match. Sometimes they are given drugs to increase their stamina or thicken their blood, which increases their chances of winning. They possess an inherent aggression toward all males of the same species, and do not have to be trained to fight. It is a natural instinct and they will fight to the death with no training. Some people refer to conditioning as "training" and this has caused much confusion. Conditioning is giving an especially healthy diet and strengthening exercises to the gamecock before a contest. Cockfighting is considered a traditional sporting event by some, and an example of animal cruelty by others. Usually wagers are made on the outcome of the match, with the surviving or last-bird-standing being declared the winner.

Tottenham Hotspur Emblem

Main article: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

The fighting cockerel on a ball is the symbol for Tottenham Hotspur Football Club. The cockerel wears a pair of spurs which is a reference to the club's nickname. It has been present on their crest and shield since 1901.

Sources

Smith, P. The Chicken Book, North Point Press, 1982, passim.

See also

• Chicken

Donate to Wikimedia