n.

1. A stiffly starched frilled or pleated circular collar of lace, muslin, or other fine fabric, worn by men and women in the 16th and 17th centuries.
2. A distinctive collarlike projection around the neck, as of feathers on a bird or of fur on a mammal.
3. A Eurasian sandpiper (Philomachus pugnax) the male of which has collarlike, erectile feathers around the neck during the breeding season.

[Perhaps short for RUFFLE¹.]

ruffed ruffed adj.
ruff² (rŭf) Games.
n.

1. The playing of a trump card when one cannot follow suit.
2. An old game resembling whist.

tr. & intr.v., ruffed, ruff·ing, ruffs.

To trump or play a trump.

[Obsolete French ronfle, roffle, a kind of card game, from Old French ronfle, from renfler, to rise : re-, re- + enfler, to cause to swell (from Latin īnflāre; see inflate).]

ruff³ (rŭf)
n.

A small European freshwater fish (Acerina cernua) related to the perches.

[Middle English ruffe, probably from Medieval Latin rufus, a kind of fish.]

ruff⁴ (rŭf)
n.

See ruffle².

[Of imitative origin.]

Philomachus pugnax

SUBFAMILY

Calidrinae

TAXONOMY

Tringa Pugnax Linnaeus, 1758, Sweden. Monotypic.

OTHER COMMON NAMES

English: Reeve (female); French: Combattant varié; German: Kampfläufer; Spanish: Combatiente.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Male 10.2–12.6 in (26–32 cm), 0.29–0.56 lb (130–254 g); female 7.9–9.8 in (20–25 cm), 0.15–0.37 lb (70–170 g). Males have head tufts and ruffs of variable color (buff, chestnut, dark purple, black, white), often barred or spotted. Females lack this specialized plumage and are considerably smaller than males.

DISTRIBUTION

Europe through Siberia to Chukotskiy Peninsula and Sea of Okhotsh; winters in Africa, also Mediterranean, Middle East, and Indian subcontinent.

HABITAT

Lowland marshes, deltas, and damp grasslands in tundra; winters at grassland, plough, rice fields, inland freshwater habitats, and coastal pools.

BEHAVIOR

Mates at traditional leks, where males gather to display and fight and females visit.

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET

Eats insects, crustaceans, mollusks, worms, small aquatic vertebrates, rice, seeds, and plants. Sometimes feeds while wading or swimming.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

Nests May–August. Incubation and brood rearing done by female. Clutch contains three to four eggs with an incubation of 20–23 days; fledges at 25–28 days.

CONSERVATION STATUS

Population possibly over 2 million. Declining in West Africa; breeding range has contracted in west due to wetland drainage, but has increased in east Russia.

SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS

None known.

A type of stroke in side-drum playing, involving a rapid triplet of prefatory strokes before the main one.

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Philomachus pugnax Male 12″ (30 cm); female 9″ (23 cm). Male ("Ruff"), summer: Unique, with erectile ruffs and ear tufts that may be black, brown, rufous, buff, white, or barred, in various combinations. Legs may be greenish, yellow, orange, or pink. Bill also variable. Male, winter: Rather plain, a small-headed, thick-necked shorebird with a scaly gray-brown back, whitish underparts with a mottling of gray across the breast, and a whitish area on the lower face. Note the erect stance and (in flight) the oval white patch on each side of the dark tail. Female ("Reeve"): Smaller than the male; when breeding lacks ruffs, breast heavily blotched with dark. Juvenile birds are buffy below and very scaly on the back. See Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.

Voice: Flight note, a low too-i or tu-whit.

Range: N. Eurasia; winters in s. Eurasia, Africa. Rare visitor to N. America.

West: Rare but regular spring and fall migrant in outer Aleutians and Bering Sea area (has bred in Alaska). Rare fall migrant along coast south to s. California, where it may winter. Accidental inland in West.

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Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - pibekrave

2.
n. - [zool.] fjerkrave

3.
v. tr. - trumfe (kortspil)
v. intr. - spille trumf (kortspil)
n. - trumf (kortspil)

4.
n. - ruf

Nederlands (Dutch)
troeven, middeleeuwse kraag, kemphaan

Français (French)
1.
n. - fraise (de dentelle), collier (de plumes), chevalier combattant

2.
n. - (Zool) perche, poisson d'eau douce

3.
v. tr. - couper avec un atout (au bridge, aux cartes), jouer l'atout (au bridge)
v. intr. - couper avec un atout (au bridge, aux cartes)
n. - coupe (avec un atout) (au bridge)

4.
n. - tambourinage

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Halskrause

2.
n. - Kaulbarsch

3.
v. - trumpfen
n. - Trumpfen

4.
n. - leiser Trommelwirbel

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (ενδυμ.) φρέζα, πτυχωτή τραχηλιά, περιλαίμιο
v. - (στο μπριτζ κ.λπ.) κόβω με ατού

Italiano (Italian)
tagliare, uccello combattente

Português (Portuguese)
n. - rufo (m)
v. - trunfar

Русский (Russian)
зайти с козыря, жабо, турухтан, гребень

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - collarín

2.
n. - pez

3.
v. tr. - jugar un triunfo (en juegos de naipes)
v. intr. - jugar un triunfo
n. - acto u oportunidad de jugar un triunfo

4.
n. - una de las pautas básicas de la percusión

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - trumfning, halskrage
v. - trumfa

中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
1. 襞襟, 鸟兽颈部的环状毛, 襞襟状物, 毛领鸽

2. 出王牌, 环状领

3. 出王牌, 环状领

中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 出王牌, 環狀領
v. tr. - 出王牌
v. intr. - 出王牌

2.
n. - 襞襟, 鳥獸頸部的環狀毛, 襞襟狀物, 毛領鴿

3.
n. - 出王牌, 環狀領

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 주름 깃, 목둘레 깃털, 목도리도요

2.
n. - 농어 무리

3.
v. tr. - 으뜸패로 가지다, 으뜸패를 내다
v. intr. - 으뜸패로 가지다, 으뜸패를 내다
n. - 으뜸패로 따기, 옛날 카드놀이의 일종

4.
n. - 북소리

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ひだ襟, 首毛, ひだえり

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) سمك الراف, طوق ريش حول عنق الطائر (فعل) يلعب الورقه الرابحه في ورق اللعب‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮יונה מבויתת, טבעת נוצות, צווארון מסולסל בולט (בנוסח המאות שעברו)‬
n. - ‮שחור-הזנב (דג)‬
v. tr. - ‮שיחק בקלף מסדרת השליט (ברידג')‬
v. intr. - ‮שיחק בקלף מסדרת השליט (ברידג')‬
n. - ‮הזדמנות לשחק בקלף מסדרת השליט (ברידג')‬
n. - ‮אחד מיסודות התיפוף‬

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