A Taste of Honey

A Taste of Honey is the first play by the British dramatist Shelagh Delaney, written when she was 18. It was initially intended as a novel, but she turned it into a play because she hoped to revitalize British theatre and to address social issues that she felt were not being presented. The play was first produced by Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop and was premiered at the Theatre Royal Stratford East, a small fringe theatre in London, on 27 May 1958. The production then transferred to the larger Wyndham's Theatre in the West End on 10 February 1959. The play was adapted into an award-winning film of the same title in 1961.

A Taste of Honey is set in Salford in northwestern England in the 1950s. It tells the story of Jo, a seventeen-year-old working class girl, and her mother, Helen, who is presented as crude and sexually indiscriminate. Helen leaves Jo alone in their new flat after she begins a relationship with Peter, a rich lover who is younger than her. At the same time Jo begins a romantic relationship with Jimmy, a black sailor. He proposes marriage but then goes to sea, leaving Jo pregnant and alone. She finds lodgings with a homosexual acquaintance, Geoffrey, who assumes the role of surrogate father. Helen returns after leaving her lover and the future of Jo's new home is put into question.

A Taste of Honey comments on, and puts into question, class, race, gender and sexual orientation in mid-twentieth century Britain. It became known as a "kitchen sink" play, part of a genre revolutionising British theatre at the time.

Plot

• ACT 1: In the frist scene, Helen and her teenage daughter, Jo, are moving into a shabby flat. Within a few minutes we learn that they have little money, living off Helen's immoral earnings (the money given her by her lovers, although she is not a true prostitute). Helen is a regular drinker, and she and Jo have a rather hostile, ambiguous relationship. As they settle in, Helen's surprise at some of Jo's drawings both suggests Jo's talent and originality and shows Helen's lack of interest in and knowledge about her daughter. Jo rejects the idea of going to an art school, blaming Helen for having interrupted her training all too often by moving her constantly from one school to another. Jo now only wants to leave school and earn her own money so that she can get away from Helen. After this exposition of their past lives and present relationship, Peter (Helen's younger boyfriend) comes in. Jo assumes that Helen has moved here to escape from him, but we are never told the reason why. Peter had not realised how old Helen was until he sees her daughter. Nonetheless he asks Helen to marry him, firt half jokingly, then more or less in earnest. When Peter leaves, most of the basic information about the two women characters has been given, and most of this has arisen quite naturally through the dialogue.

• The second scene of the first act consists of four main parts, Jo's meetings with her boyfriend alternating with her confrontations with Helen. Thus we are made to see how Helen's indifference makes Jo look for happiness in other places. It begins outside: Jo is walking home in the company of her black boyfriend. During a light-hearted, semi-serious dialogue, he asks her to marry him, and she agrees, although he is in the navy and will be away on his ship for six months before they can marry. The boyfriend gives Jo a ring which she hangs round her neck under herclothes in order to hide it from Helen. From the conversation we learn that Jo is really leaving school and and is going to start a part-time job in a pub. The next sequence takes place inside the flat (without a change of scenery). Helen informs Jo that she is going to marry Peter. Peter enters, and a dialogue that is requently hostile but also funny evolves betwen the three: instead of only Jo and Helen attacking each other, a more complex pattern evolves, with Jo attacking the others, the others attacking Jo, and Helen attacking both Peter and Jo. Jo is truly upset at the thought of Helen marrying Peter, but also pesters and provokes him in an effort to antagonise him even more. After helen and Peter leave her on her own for Christmas, Jo weeps and is consoled by her black boyfriend. She invites him to say over Christmas, although she has a feeling that she will never see the boy again. After a pause and some moments of darkness on stage, we see helen and Jo on stage, on the occasion of Helen's wedding day after Christmas. Jo has a cold and will not be able to attend at the wedding. Since she is in her pyjamas, Helen catches a glimse of the ring around her neck and learns the truth. She scolds Jo violently for thinking of marrying so young, with one of her occasional bursts of real feeling and concern for her daughter. Asked by Jo about her real father, Helen explains that she had been married to a "Puritan" and that she had to look elsewhere for sexual pleasure. Thus she had her firsst sexual experience with Jo's father, a "not very bright man," a "bit retarded". She then hurries off to her wedding.

• ACT 2: Several months later. Jo is living alone in the same old shabby flat. She works in a shoe shop by day and in a bar in the eveings in order to afford the rent. She is pregnant, and her boyfreind has not (yet?) come back to her. She returns from a a funfair to the flat in the company of Geof an "effeminate" art student, who has possibly been thrown out from his former lodgings because his landlady suspected he was gay. Jo offends him with her insensitive inquisitiveness about his sexuality, and he in turn maliciously criticises her drawings. She apologises and asks him to stay, sleeping on the couch. Geof shows concern for Jo's problems, and they develop a friendly, joking relationship. A moment of darkness marks the passage of time, and next we see Jo irritable and depressed by her pregnancy, with Geof patiently consoling her. Then, seeking reassurance himelf he kisses herand asks her to mary him. Jo says that although she likes him shecannot marry him, and he misses that she makes a sexual pass at him, something confirming that "it is not marrying love between us". At this point, Helen enters. She has been contacted by Geof, who wishes to keep this fact secret from Jo. Jo, however, guesses that much and is angry with both Helen and Geof. Whenever Geof tries to interfere in the quarrel between the two women, he is attacked by one or the other or both. As helen is offering Jo money, Peter comes in, very drunk, and takes back the money and Helen's offer of a home to Jo. He leaves insisting that Helen come with him; after a moments hesittion she runs after him.

• In the second scene of act 2, the baby is due any moment. Jo and Geof seem happy. He reassures her that Helen was probably mistaken about or exaggerating the mental deficiencies of Jo's father. Geof has bought a doll for Jo to practise handling the baby but Jo flings it to the ground because it is the wrong colour: Jo assumes that her baby will be as black as its father. Her momentary outburst against the baby, motherhood and womanhood is shortlived, however, and she and Geof are about to have tea when Helen enters with all her luggage from Act 1. Apparently, she has been thrown out by Peter and now plans to stay with Jo. In order to get rid of Geof, she behaves very rudely to him, while overwhelming her daughter with advice and presents.Jo defends Geof, but while she is asleep, Geof decides to leave since Helen is to strong for him and he does not want to tear Jo to pieces between them. When Jo wakes up, Helen pretends that Geof is out doing the shopping. When she learns that the baby will be black, she loses her nerves and rushes out for a drink, despite the fact that Jo's labour pains have just begun. Alone, Jo happily hums a tune Geof sang before, still not having realised that he is gone.

Characters

• Helen: A hardened, working class single mother and alcoholic.
• Josephine, her daughter: A teenage girl, known as 'Jo', raised solely by Helen.
• Peter: Helen's younger, wealthy boyfriend from London.
• The Boy: Also known as Jimmy, a black sailor, Jo falls in love with him and becomes pregnant.
• Geoffrey: An effeminate art student in his early twenties who becomes Jo's roommate and friend.

Productions

Original cast and crew (1958, London)

• Helen - Avis Bunnage
• Josephine - Frances Cuka
• Peter - Nigel Davenport
• The Boy - Clifton Jones
• Geoffrey - Murray Melvin
• The Apex Jazz Trio- Johnny Wallbank (cornet), Barry Wright (guitar), Christopher Capon (double bass)
• Setting by - John Bury
• Costumes by - Una Collins

2006 - various theatres

• Helen - Samantha Giles
• Josephine - Samantha Robinson
• Peter - Andonis Anthony
• Jimmy- Chris Jack
• Geoffrey - Bruno Langley

2008 Royal Exchange Theatre

• Helen - Sally Lindsay
• Josephine - Jodie McNee
• Peter - Paul Popplewell
• Jimmy - Marcel McCalla
• Geoffery - Adam Gillen

Popular references

The play was admired by Morrissey of the band The Smiths, who used Delaney's photo on the album cover artwork for Louder Than Bombs. A photograph of Shelagh Delaney appears on the cover for The Smiths' single "Girlfriend in a Coma". An earlier Smiths song, "This Night Has Opened My Eyes", is based on the play and includes Geoffrey's line to Jo near the end: "The dream has gone but the baby is real." Other quotations and near-quotations appear in several other songs by The Smiths and Morrissey.^[1]

The play is also referred to by Akira the Don in the title track on the album Thieving (2008), in which it appears to awaken him to literature in a school English lesson.

Notes

Also as a reference line in A Taste Of Honey, "I dreamt about you lastnight and i fell out of bed twice" was also from the lyrics of "Reel Around the  
Fountain" of the The Smiths (Morrissey). When Jo and "the boy" were walking home from their outing.

References

Delaney, Shelagh. A Taste of Honey. Methuen Student Edition with commentary and notes. London: Methuen Publishing, 1982.

External links

• A Taste of Honey at the Internet Broadway Database