100 metres
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100 metres
This article is about the 100 metres race. For lengths on the order of magnitude of 100 metres, see 1 hectometre.
The 100 metres, or 100-metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 (1928 for women). The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is often named "the fastest man/woman in the world".
On an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100 m is run on the home straight, with the start sometimes being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race. Runners begin in the starting blocks and the race begins when an official fires the starter's pistol. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50–60 m. Their speed then slows progressively towards the finish line.
The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast men's performances, while the best female sprinters take eleven seconds or less to complete the race. The current men's world record is 9.58 seconds, set by Jamaica's Usain Bolt while American Florence Griffith-Joyner holds the women's world record of 10.49 seconds.
The 100 m emerged from the metrication of the 100 yards (91.4 m), a now defunct distance originally contested in English-speaking countries. The event is largely held outdoors as few indoor facilities have a 100 m straight.
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Race dynamics
Start
At the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks.
The time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1 s is considered a false start. The 0.1-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starter's pistol to reach the runners' ears, and the time it takes to react to it.
For many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually. However, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The next iteration of the rule, introduced in February 2003, meant that one false start was allowed between the field, but anyone responsible for a subsequent false start was disqualified.
This rule led to some sprinters deliberately false-starting to gain a psychological advantage: an individual with a slower reaction time might false-start, forcing the faster starters to wait and be sure of hearing the gun for the subsequent start, thereby losing some of their advantage. To avoid such abuse and to improve spectator enjoyment, the IAAF implemented a further change in the 2010 season – a false starting athlete now receives immediate disqualification.[1] This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, on the grounds that it would not leave any room for innocent mistakes. Justin Gatlin commented, "Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a year's worth of work.".[2] The rule had a dramatic impact at the 2011 world championships, when current world record holder Usain Bolt was disqualified.[3][4]
Mid-race
Runners typically reach their top speed just past the halfway point of the race and they progressively decelerate in the latter stages of the race. Maintaining that top speed for as long as possible is a primary focus of training for the 100 m.[5] Pacing and running tactics do not play a significant role in the 100 m, as success in the event depends more on pure athletic qualities and technique.
Finish
The winner, by IAAF Competition Rules, is determined by the first athlete with his or her torso (not including limbs, head, or neck) over the nearer edge of the finish line.[6] When the placing of the athletes is not obvious, a photo finish is used to distinguish which runner was first to cross the line.
Climatic conditions
See also: wind assistance
Climatic conditions, in particular air resistance, can affect performances in the 100 m. A strong head wind is very detrimental to performance, while a tail wind can improve performances significantly. For this reason, a maximum tail wind of 2.0 m/s is allowed for a 100 m performance to be considered eligible for records, or "wind legal".
Furthermore, sprint athletes perform better at high altitudes because of the thinner air, which provides less air resistance. In theory, the thinner air would also make breathing slightly more difficult (due to the partial pressure of oxygen being lower), but this difference is negligible for sprint distances where all the oxygen needed for the short dash is already in the muscles and bloodstream when the race starts. While there are no limitations on altitude, performances made at altitudes greater than 1000 m above sea level are marked with an "A".[7]
Record performances
Major 100 m races, such as at the Olympic Games, attract much attention, particularly when the world record is thought to be within reach.
The men's world record has been improved upon twelve times since the introduction of electronic timing in 1968.[8] The current men's world record of 9.58 s is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica, set at the 2009 World Athletics Championships final on 16 August 2009, breaking his own previous world record by 0.11 s.[9] The current women's world record of 10.49 s was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner of the USA, in Indianapolis, Indiana, on 16 July 1988.[10]
Illegal drug use has been seen by some people as a means to gain a competitive edge – in particular, the scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics when the winner Ben Johnson was stripped of his medal.
Jim Hines was the first man to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m, recording the first sub-10 second, electronically timed run to win the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics.
Fastest 100 metres runners
Men
See also: 10-second barrier
Updated 8 September 2011[11]
| Rank | Fastest time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Country | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.58 | +0.9 | Usain Bolt |  Jamaica |
16 August 2009 | Berlin |
| 2 | 9.69 | +2.0 | Tyson Gay |  United States |
20 September 2009 | Shanghai |
| 3 | 9.72 | +0.2 | Asafa Powell | Jamaica |
2 September 2008 | Lausanne |
| 4 | 9.78 | +0.9 | Nesta Carter | Jamaica |
29 August 2010 | Rieti |
| 5 | 9.79 | +0.1 | Maurice Greene | United States |
16 June 1999 | Athens |
| 6 | 9.80 | +1.3 | Steve Mullings | Jamaica |
4 June 2011 | Eugene |
| 7 | 9.82 | +0.0 | Yohan Blake | Jamaica |
8 September 2011 | Zurich |
| 8 | 9.84 | +0.7 | Donovan Bailey |  Canada |
27 July 1996 | Atlanta |
| +0.2 | Bruny Surin | Canada |
22 August 1999 | Seville | ||
| 10 | 9.85 | +1.2 | Leroy Burrell | United States |
6 July 1994 | Lausanne |
| +0.6 | Justin Gatlin | United States |
22 August 2004 | Athens | ||
| +1.7 | Olusoji Fasuba |  Nigeria |
12 May 2006 | Doha | ||
| +1.3 | Mike Rodgers | United States |
4 June 2011 | Eugene | ||
| +1.0 | Richard Thompson |  Trinidad and Tobago |
13 August 2011 | Port of Spain |
Notes
- Tyson Gay also has a time of 9.68 s set on 29 June 2008 during the 2008 U.S. Olympic Track & Field Trials at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon; the tail wind speed was 4.1 m/s, more than double the IAAF legal limit.[12]
- Obadele Thompson ran a wind-aided 9.69 in El Paso, Texas in April 1996 which stood as the fastest ever 100m time for 12 years until Tyson Gay's June 2008 performance; the tail wind speed was 5.7 m/s.
- Justin Gatlin ran 9.77 in Doha on 12 May 2006, which was at the time ratified as a world record. However, the performance was rescinded in 2007 after he failed a doping test in April 2006.
- Carl Lewis ran a time of 9.78 seconds at the 1988 US Olympic trials in Indianapolis, but it was wind aided (the tail wind speed was 5.2 m/s).
- Tim Montgomery's time of 9.78 at Paris on 14 September 2002 was rescinded following his indictment in the BALCO scandal on drug use and drug trafficking charges. The time had stood as the world record until Asafa Powell first ran 9.77.
- Ben Johnson ran 9.79 at Seoul on 24 September 1988, but he was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol after the race. He subsequently admitted to drug use between 1981 and 1988, and his time of 9.83 at Rome on 30 August 1987 was rescinded. Carl Lewis's 9.92 in the Seoul race was therefore recognized as the world record, and his two prior runs of 9.93 were seen as having equalled the previous world record.
Women
Updated 31 May 2011
| Rank | Fastest time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.49 | 0.0 | Florence Griffith-Joyner | United States |
16 July 1988 | Indianapolis |
| 2 | 10.64 | +1.2 | Carmelita Jeter | United States |
20 September 2009 | Shanghai |
| 3 | 10.65 [A] | +1.1 | Marion Jones | United States |
12 September 1998 | Johannesburg |
| 4 | 10.73 | +0.1 | Shelly-Ann Fraser | Jamaica |
17 August 2009 | Berlin |
| +2.0 | Christine Arron |  France |
19 August 1998 | Budapest | ||
| 6 | 10.74 | +1.3 | Merlene Ottey | Jamaica |
7 September 1996 | Milan |
| 7 | 10.75 | +0.4 | Kerron Stewart | Jamaica |
10 July 2009 | Rome |
| 8 | 10.76 | +1.7 | Evelyn Ashford | United States |
22 August 1984 | Zürich |
| +1.1 | Veronica Campbell-Brown | Jamaica |
31 May 2011 | Ostrava | ||
| 10 | 10.77 | +0.9 | Irina Privalova |  Russia |
6 July 1994 | Lausanne |
| +0.7 | Ivet Lalova |  Bulgaria |
19 June 2004 | Plovdiv |
Notes
- Florence Griffith-Joyner's World Record has been the subject of a controversy due to strong suspicion of a defective anemometer measuring a tailwind lower than actually present; since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed this performance as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognized as a world record".[13]
Area records
Updated 6 September 2011.[14]
| Area | Men's | Women's | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time (s) | Athlete | Nation | Time (s) | Athlete | Nation | |
| Africa (records) | 9.85 | Olusoji Fasuba | Nigeria |
10.90 | Glory Alozie | Nigeria |
| Asia (records) | 9.99 | Samuel Francis |  Qatar |
10.79 | Li Xuemei |  China |
| Europe (records) | 9.86 | Francis Obikwelu |  Portugal |
10.73 | Christine Arron | France |
| North, Central America and Caribbean (records) |
9.58 WR | Usain Bolt | Jamaica |
10.49 WR | Florence Griffith-Joyner | United States |
| Oceania (records) | 9.93 | Patrick Johnson |  Australia |
11.12[A] | Melinda Gainsford-Taylor | Australia |
| South America (records) | 10.00[A] | Robson da Silva |  Brazil |
11.15 | Ana Cláudia Silva | Brazil |
Notes
- A Represents a time set at a high altitude.[15]
- WR World Record
Fastest 100 metres junior runners
Men
Updated 5 May 2012[update][16]
| Rank | Fastest time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Country | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.01 | +0.0 | Darrel Brown | Trinidad and Tobago |
24 August 2003 | Paris |
| +1.6 | Jeff Demps | United States |
28 Juni 2008 | Eugene | ||
| 3 | 10.03 | +0.7 | Marcus Rowland | United States |
31 July 2009 | Port of Spain |
| 4 | 10.04 | +1.7 | D'Angelo Cherry | United States |
10 June 2009 | Fayetteville |
| +0.2 | Christophe Lemaitre | France |
24 July 2009 | Novi Sad | ||
| 6 | 10.06 | +2.0 | Dwain Chambers |  Great Britain |
25 July 1997 | Ljubljana |
| +1.5 | Walter Dix | United States |
27 May 2005 | New York | ||
| 8 | 10.07 | +2.0 | Stanley Floyd | United States |
24 May 1980 | Austin |
| +1.1 | DaBryan Blanton | United States |
30 May 2003 | Lincoln | ||
| +0.2 | Tamunosiki Atorudibo | Nigeria |
8 July 2004 | Abuja | ||
| +0.3 | Jimmy Vicaut | France |
22 July 2011 | Tallinn |
Notes
- British sprinter Mark Lewis-Francis recorded a time of 9.97 seconds on 4 August 2001 (aged 18 years, 334 days) but the wind gauge malfunctioned, invalidating the run.
- Nigerian sprinters Davidson Ezinwa and Sunday Emmanuel ran 10.05 (4 January 1990) and 10.06 (26 April 1997), respectively, but without wind gauge.
Women
Updated 5 May 2012[update]
| Rank | Fastest time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.88 | +2.0 | Marlies Göhr |  East Germany |
1 July 1977 | Dresden |
| 2 | 10.89 | +1.8 | Katrin Krabbe | East Germany |
20 July 1988 | Berlin |
| 3 | 11.03 | +1.7 | Silke Gladisch-Möller | East Germany |
8 June 1983 | Berlin |
| +0.6 | English Gardner | United States |
14 May 2011 | Tucson | ||
| 5 | 11.04 | +1.4 | Angela Williams | United States |
5 June 1999 | Boise |
| 6 | 11.07 | +0.7 | Bianca Knight | United States |
27 June 2008 | Eugene |
| 7 | 11.08 | +2.0 | Brenda Morehead | United States |
21 June 1976 | Eugene |
| 8 | 11.11 | +0.2 | Shakedia Jones | United States |
2 May 1998 | Westwood |
| +1.1 | Joan Uduak Ekah | Nigeria |
2 July 1999 | Lausanne | ||
| 10 | 11.12 | +2.0 | Veronica Campbell-Brown | Jamaica |
18 October 2000 | Santiago |
| +1.2 | Alexandria Anderson | United States |
22 June 2006 | Indianapolis | ||
| +1.1 | Aurieyall Scott | United States |
24 June 2011 | Eugene |
Fastest 100 metres Youth runners
Boys
Updated 5 May 2012[update]
| Rank | Fastest time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Country | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.23 | +0.8 | Tamunosiki Atorudibo | Nigeria |
23 March 2002 | Enugu |
| +1.2 | Rynell Parson | United States |
21 June 2007 | Indianapolis | ||
| 3 | 10.24 | +0.0 | Darrel Brown | Trinidad and Tobago |
14 April 2001 | Bridgetown |
| 5 | 10.25 | +1.5 | J-Mee Samuels | United States |
11 July 2004 | Knoxville |
| +1.6 | Jeff Demps | United States |
1 August 2007 | Knoxville | ||
| 7 | 10.26 | +1.2 | Deworski Odom | United States |
21 July 1994 | Lisboa |
| −0.1 | Sunday Emmanuel | Nigeria |
18 March 1995 | Bauchi | ||
| 9 | 10.27 | +0.2 | Henry Thomas | United States |
19 May 1984 | Norwalk |
| +1.6 | Curtis Johnson | United States |
30 June 1990 | Fresno | ||
| +1.0 | Ivory Williams | United States |
8 June 2002 | Sacramento | ||
| −0.2 | Jazeel Murphy | Jamaica |
23 April 2011 | Montego Bay |
Girls
Updated 5 May 2012[update]
| Rank | Fastest time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.13 | 2.0 | Chandra Cheeseborough | United States |
21 June 1976 | Eugene |
| 2 | 11.14 | +1.7 | Marion Jones | United States |
6 June 1992 | Norwalk |
| −0.5 | Angela Williams | United States |
21 June 1997 | Edwardsville | ||
| 4 | 11.16 | +1.2 | Gabrielle Mayo | United States |
22 June 2006 | Indianapolis |
| 5 | 11.17 A | +0.6 | Wendy Vereen | United States |
3 July 1983 | Colorado Springs |
| 6 | 11.20 A | +1.2 | Raelene Boyle | Australia |
15 June 1968 | Mexico City |
| 7 | 11.24 | +1.2 | Jeneba Tarmoh | United States |
22 June 2006 | Indianapolis |
| +0.8 | Jodie Williams | Great Britain |
31 May 2010 | Bedford | ||
| 9 | 11.26 | +1.4 | Grit Breuer | East Germany |
30 June 1989 | Dresden |
| +1.2 | Bianca Knight | United States |
22 June 2006 | Indianapolis |
World Championship medalists
Men
| Championships | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 Helsinki | Carl Lewis (USA) |
Calvin Smith (USA) |
Emmit King (USA) |
| 1987 Rome | Carl Lewis (USA) |
Raymond Stewart (JAM) |
Linford Christie (GBR) |
| 1991 Tokyo | Carl Lewis (USA) |
Leroy Burrell (USA) |
Dennis Mitchell (USA) |
| 1993 Stuttgart | Linford Christie (GBR) |
Andre Cason (USA) |
Dennis Mitchell (USA) |
| 1995 Gothenburg | Donovan Bailey (CAN) |
Bruny Surin (CAN) |
Ato Boldon (TRI) |
| 1997 Athens | Maurice Greene (USA) |
Donovan Bailey (CAN) |
Tim Montgomery (USA) |
| 1999 Seville | Maurice Greene (USA) |
Bruny Surin (CAN) |
Dwain Chambers (GBR) |
| 2001 Edmonton | Maurice Greene (USA) |
Bernard Williams (USA) |
Ato Boldon (TRI) |
| 2003 Paris |  Kim Collins (SKN) |
Darrel Brown (TRI) |
Darren Campbell (GBR) |
| 2005 Helsinki | Justin Gatlin (USA) |
Michael Frater (JAM) |
Kim Collins (SKN) |
| 2007 Osaka | Tyson Gay (USA) |
 Derrick Atkins (BAH) |
Asafa Powell (JAM) |
| 2009 Berlin | Usain Bolt (JAM) |
Tyson Gay (USA) |
Asafa Powell (JAM) |
| 2011 Daegu | Yohan Blake (JAM) |
Walter Dix (USA) |
Kim Collins (SKN) |
Women
See also
- 100-yard dash
- National champions 100 metres (men)
- World record progression 100 metres men
- World record progression 100 metres women
References
- ^ "IAAF keeps one false-start rule". BBC. 3 August 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/4433815.stm. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
- ^ "Gatlin queries false start change". BBC News. 6 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/4521963.stm. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
- ^ Christopher Clarey (28 August 2011). "Who Can Beat Bolt in the 100? Himself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/sports/bolt-is-disqualified-in-100-at-worlds-blake-wins.html. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ "The disqualification of Usain Bolt". IAAF. 28 August 2011. http://daegu2011.iaaf.org//newslistdetail.aspx?id=61468. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ http://speedendurance.com/2008/08/22/usain-bolt-100m-10-meter-splits-and-speed-endurance/
- ^ Sandre-Tom. "IAAF Competition Rules 2009, Rule 164". IAAF. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. http://www.goldenleague.net/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/04/95/59/20090303014358_httppostedfile_CompetitionRules2009_printed_8986.pdf. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ 100 metres IAAF
- ^ Press, Associated. "Progression of 100 meters world record". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/news/story?id=2442751. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ "100 Metres Results". IAAF. 16 August 2009. http://berlin.iaaf.org/documents/pdf/3658/AT-100-M-f--1--.RS1.pdf. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ 100 Metres All Time. IAAF (9 March 2009). Retrieved on 6 May 2009. Archived 2009-05-08.
- ^ "Top List – 100m". IAAF. http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=100/detail.html. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ Zinser, Lynn (30 June 2008), "Shattering Limits on the Track, and in the Pool" The New York Times
- ^ Linthorne, Nick (March 2003). "Wind Assistance". Brunel University. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~spstnpl/BiomechanicsAthletics/WindAssistance.htm. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
- ^ 100 metres records. IAAF (6 September 2011). Retrieved on 2011-06-09. Archived 6 September 2011.
- ^ 60 Metres Records. IAAF (4 April 2009). Retrieved on 2009-04-04.
- ^ "Top List – 100m". IAAF. http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=j/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=100/detail.html. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
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