1044
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Hungary's Peter Orseolo is restored by the German king Heinrich III, who brings Hungary under German control after gaining a great victory in July at Menfo (but see 1047).
Oguz Turkish tribes invading northern Mesopotamia from Persia meet with defeat in a great battle fought northwest of Mosul with Bedouin Arabs, but the Buyid ruler Jalal ad-Dawlah dies after a 19-year reign in which poverty has forced him to dismiss his servants and release his horses because he could no longer afford to feed them.
The death of Egypt's Fatimid vizier Ali bin Ahmad Jarjarai gives the caliph al-Mustansir's mother a chance to seize power (see 1036). Originally a Sudanese slave girl, she brings in large numbers of Sudanese to counter Ottoman influence but has little support, her ascension destabilizes the army, and the viziers whom she appoints will prove inept (see 1050).
Burma has her beginnings in the kingdom of Pagan founded in Southeast Asia. The Mons and the Burmese end their rivalry and join together after generations of vying for control of the region.
Korea completes a defense system that consists largely of a great wall across the northern part of the peninsula to keep out Mongol and Turkish raiders.
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1044
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In the year 1044
Materials
Tsêng Kung-Liang publishes the first recipes for three varieties of gunpowder. See also 850 Materials; 1267 Materials.
TransportationWu ching tsung yao ("compendium of important military techniques") by Chinese government official Tsêng Kung-Liang (a.k.a. Zeng Gung-lyang) describes magnetized iron "fish" that float in water and can be used for finding south. About this time the Chinese begin to use the compass for navigation, most likely using this device. See also 271 ce Tools; 1086 Earth science.
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This article is about the year 1044.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 10th century – 11th century – 12th century |
| Decades: | 1010s 1020s 1030s – 1040s – 1050s 1060s 1070s |
| Years: | 1041 1042 1043 – 1044 – 1045 1046 1047 |
| 1044 by topic | |
| Lists of leaders | |
| State leaders | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1044 MXLIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 1797 |
| Armenian calendar | 493 ԹՎ ՆՂԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5794 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -800–-799 |
| Bengali calendar | 451 |
| Berber calendar | 1994 |
| English Regnal year | N/A |
| Buddhist calendar | 1588 |
| Burmese calendar | 406 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6552–6553 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸未年十一月廿八日 (3680/3740-11-28) — to —
甲申年十二月初十日(3681/3741-12-10) |
| Coptic calendar | 760–761 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1036–1037 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4804–4805 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1100–1101 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 966–967 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4145–4146 |
| Holocene calendar | 11044 |
| Iranian calendar | 422–423 |
| Islamic calendar | 435–436 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Korean calendar | 3377 |
| Minguo calendar | 868 before ROC 民前868年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1587 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1044 |
Year 1044 (MXLIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
- King Anawrahta seizes the throne of Pagan, Myanmar.
- Benedict IX abdicates as pope. Sylvester III succeeds him.
- The Chinese military treatise of the Wujing Zongyao is written and compiled by scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德) during the Song Dynasty. It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or trebuchet catapult). It also describes the double-piston pump flamethrower and a thermoremanence compass, a few decades before Shen Kuo wrote of the first known magnetic mariners compass. Although emphasizing the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the crossbow and ability of crossbowmen to fell charging units of nomadic cavalrymen.
Births
- Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid (d. 1099)
Deaths
References
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Copyrights:
Gale World Chronology
People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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