1077

1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080

political events

The penance at Canossa January 21 wins absolution for Heinrich IV, but civil war begins in the German states. The king presents himself as a penitent at Canossa after a midwinter dash across the Alps with his wife, Bertha, to avoid public trial at home, but while Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) grudgingly accepts Heinrich's promises and his solemn oaths of contrition, the German nobility elects Rudolf of Swabia as anti-king with approval of the pope's legates. Heinrich has come to the stronghold of Matilda of Canossa, the "Great Countess" of Tuscany, now 30, to make rapprochement with the pope, who has excomunicated him. Matilda's husband, Godfrey the Hunchback, duke of Lorraine, died last year; she is a strong supporter of the pope; and she has led her own troops against Heinrich, whose "submission" is only a tactical ploy.

Agnes of Poitou, mother (and former regent) of the German king Heinrich IV, dies in a convent at Rome December 14 at age 53.

Hungary's Géza I dies after a 3-year reign and is succeeded by the son of the late Belá I, who will reign until 1095 as Ladislas I. Ladislas, 37, will support the pope in his conflicts with Heinrich IV and restore order and prosperity at home in the greatest reign since that of Stephen I.

Polish noblemen rebel against the autocratic rule of Boleslav II while he is in Russia reinstating a relative on the throne of Kiev. Bishop Stanislas (Szczepanski), 46, sides with the rebels.

religion

The first English Cluniac monastery opens at Lewes.

literature

The neo-Confucian philosopher Shao Yong (Shao Yung) dies in Henan (Hunan) Province at age 66 (approximate) after a career in which he has used the Yi Jing (I Ching, or Book of Changes) to develop theories that existence is based on numbers, particularly the number four: the universe is divided into four parts (sun, moon, stars, and zodiac), the Earth into four substances (fire, water, earth, and stone), the human body into four sense organs (eye, ear, nose, and mouth), ideas into four manifestations, actions into four choices. History, he has taught, consists of a series of repeating cycles lasting 129,600 years.

1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080

Food & agriculture

Europeans reinvent the whiffletree (also known as the whippletree), a way to harness two animals -- horses in Europe -- to the same cart. The whiffletree had originally been developed for oxen by the Chinese in the third century ce. See also 200 ce Food & agriculture.

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Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	10th century – 11th century – 12th century
Decades:	1040s  1050s  1060s  – 1070s –  1080s  1090s  1100s
Years:	1074 1075 1076 – 1077 – 1078 1079 1080

1077 by topic

Lists of leaders

State leaders

Birth and death categories

Births – Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments – Disestablishments v • d • e

1077 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1077 MLXXVII
Ab urbe condita	1830
Armenian calendar	526 ԹՎ ՇԻԶ
Bahá'í calendar	-767 – -766
Berber calendar	2027
Buddhist calendar	1621
Burmese calendar	439
Byzantine calendar	6585 – 6586
Chinese calendar	丙辰年十二月初四日 (3713/3773-12-4) — to — 丁巳年十二月十四日 (3714/3774-12-14)
Coptic calendar	793 – 794
Ethiopian calendar	1069 – 1070
Hebrew calendar	4837 – 4838
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1132 – 1133
- Shaka Samvat	999 – 1000
- Kali Yuga	4178 – 4179
Holocene calendar	11077
Iranian calendar	455 – 456
Islamic calendar	469 – 470
Japanese calendar
Korean calendar	3410
Thai solar calendar	1620
v • d • e

Contents 1 Events 1.1 Europe 1.2 Asia 1.3 Africa 2 Births 3 Deaths

Events

Europe

Eduard Schwoiser „Heinrich vor Canossa“ (1862) – Henry IV, Canossa

• January 26—Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication.
• January 28—Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is lifted.
• April 3—Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia.
• Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror.
• The kingdom of Duklja is founded.
• The Bayeux Tapestry is made.
• The first recorded Trial by combat is held in England.
• The first English Cluniac Benedictine priory is established.
• Paul of Caen is installed as Abbot of St Albans; the building of St Albans Abbey Church commences.
• Vsevolod of Kiev becomes the prince of Kievan Rus'.

Asia

• Dionysius V Lazaros becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
• The Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea and Jerusalem.
• Suleyman I of Rûm becomes the leader of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in modern Turkey.
• Anush Tigin Gharchai becomes, as a Seljuk vassal, leader of the Khwarezmid Empire.

Africa

• Pope Christodolos of Alexandria ends his reign as Coptic Pope.
• The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain.

Births

• Joseph ibn Migash, rabbi (died 1141)

Deaths

• April 25—Geza I of Hungary
• Agnes de Poitou, wife of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor and regent (b. 1020)
• King Anawrahta of Burma (b. 1044)
• Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and author (b. 995)
• Shao Yong (b. 1011)—Song Dynasty China philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian
• Zhang Zai (b. 1020)—Song Dynasty China Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist

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