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Contents: political eventsmedicine architecture, real estate |
Otto II of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria, inficts heavy losses in January on an army fielded by the German king Heinrich IV; Otto goes on to win a battle on the Elster River in October but sustains a grievous wound.
The Swedish chieftain Blotsven (or Blot-Svend) joins with a brother of the late Halsten Stenkilsson to make himself and Inge co-rulers in an effort to end the chaos that has persisted since 1066. Blotsven will reign until his death in 1087; Inge Stenkilsson is probably his brother-in-law and will reign until 1090 (and then from 1099 to 1112).
Rudolf of Swabia is defeated and killed to end civil war in the German states. Heinrich IV has steadily gained strength, and while he is once again deposed and excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII, the pope himself is deposed by a synod of German and Lombard prelates. Convoked at Brixen by Heinrich, the synod elects Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, who has led Italian opposition to Pope Gregory's reforms and will reign as the antipope Clement III until his death in 1100.
Medical research progresses at the Benedictine school associated with the monastery established at Monte Cassino in 529. Arabian, Jewish, and Greco-Roman medical works are translated into Latin by Constantine the African, a Carthaginian- (or Sicilian-) born physician who has studied medicine and magic at Babylon and is now disguised as a monk. His translations of Galen, Avicenna, and two treatises by Isaac the Jew help to emancipate medicine from the religious bonds that have held it. Neighboring Benedictine monasteries support the medical school at Salerno, some 125 miles from Monte Cassino, where the teachers are mostly clerics but include some women physicians. At this site, Christian dogma is not strictly observed, pigs are dissected, Islamic dietary rules are followed, bleeding is regarded as a panacea, and the first medieval pharmacopoeia has its beginnings (see 1231).
Windsor Castle has its beginnings in an earthwork-and-timber fortification built by William the Conqueror to guard the Thames River about 20 miles west of London (date approximate). Located near a 4,800-acre royal hunting ground, it consists basically of a mount ("motte") surrounded by a fenced yard, or "bailey"; William's successors will make it a permanent residence (see 1170).
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