1099
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The First Crusaders march south from Antioch in January, leaving Bohemond of Otranto to rule Antioch. Jerusalem falls to the Crusaders July 15 after a siege of just over 1 month; the streets of the city run knee-deep in blood as the Crusaders slaughter 30,000 to 40,000 Muslims and Jews, raping women and girls, setting fire to mosques and synagogues. The First Crusade comes to an end, and Jerusalem will not be returned to Islam until 1187.
A kingdom of Jerusalem is established under the Norman Godfrey of Bouillon, who is elected king and assumes the title Defender of the Holy Sepulchre. He defeats a 60,000-man Egyptian force with just 1,200 cavalry and 9,000 infantry at Ascalon on the coast August 12, inflicting heavy casualties in a surprise dawn attack on the Fatimid camp and driving the emir al-Afdal's forces into the sea, but disease and starvation have reduced the Crusaders to 60,000, down from an original strength of 300,000, and most of the survivors head for home.
El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) dies in July at age 59 after finally being defeated by the Almoravid sultan Yusuf ibn Tashufin at Cuenca (see 1094). His widow will hold Valencia against the Almoravids until 1102.
Scotland's former king Donald III (Donald Bane) dies in prison at Rescobie at age 66 (approximate) and is buried on Iona.
The First Crusade sparks a renewal of trade between Europe and Asia. A large fleet from Venice winters at Rhodes, where the Venetians are joined by Pisans (see 1098), but fighting will break out between the two groups, the Venetians will prevail, and Pisa will agree not to trade at any Byzantine port.
Arab Maronites welcome the invading Crusaders to the fastness of Mount Lebanon, where they have found refuge. When the Church broke apart in 1054, the Maronites chose Rome over the weakening Greek Orthodox hierarchy in Constantinople but were driven decades ago from Syria's Orontes River Valley.
Pope Urban II dies at Rome July 29 at age 56 (approximate) after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded August 13 by Cardinal Raniero, who will reign until 1118 as Paschal III.
Arnulf of Chocques (Arnulf Malecorne, or Arnulf of Rohea), chaplain to Robert I, duke of Normandy, is elected Latin patriarch of Jerusalem August 1 and forces all local Christians to conform to the Latin rite (but see politics, 1100).
Crusaders plant fields of sugar cane in the Holy Land (see 300 B.C.; food and drink, 1148).
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 10th century – 11th century – 12th century |
| Decades: | 1060s 1070s 1080s – 1090s – 1100s 1110s 1120s |
| Years: | 1096 1097 1098 – 1099 – 1100 1101 1102 |
| 1099 by topic | |
| Lists of leaders | |
| State leaders | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1099 MXCIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 1852 |
| Armenian calendar | 548 ԹՎ ՇԽԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5849 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -745–-744 |
| Bengali calendar | 506 |
| Berber calendar | 2049 |
| English Regnal year | 12 Will. 2 – 13 Will. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1643 |
| Burmese calendar | 461 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6607–6608 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊寅年十二月初七日 (3735/3795-12-7) — to —
己卯年十一月十七日(3736/3796-11-17) |
| Coptic calendar | 815–816 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1091–1092 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4859–4860 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1155–1156 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1021–1022 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4200–4201 |
| Holocene calendar | 11099 |
| Iranian calendar | 477–478 |
| Islamic calendar | 492–493 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Korean calendar | 3432 |
| Minguo calendar | 813 before ROC 民前813年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1642 |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1099 |
This article is about the year 1099. For the U.S. tax form, see Form 1099.
Year 1099 (MXCIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By area
Asia
- Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade:
- January 13 – Crusaders set fire to Mara, Syria.
- June 7 – The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.[1]
- July 8 – 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem.
- July 15 – Christian soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege.[1]
- July 22 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is founded.
- August 12 – The Crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.[2]
- Supposed founding of the Priory of Sion
By topic
Religion
- August 14 – Pope Paschal II succeeds Pope Urban II as the 160th pope.
Births
Deaths
- April 14 – Conrad, Bishop of Utrecht (b. 1003)
- April 20 – Peter Bartholomew (b. 1061)
- July 10 – El Cid (b. 1043)
- July 29 – Pope Urban II (b. 1035)
- December 3 – Saint Osmund (b. 1065)
- King Donald III of Scotland (b. before 1040)
References
- ^ a b Rickard, J.. "Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099". http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_jerusalem1099.html. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Rickard, J.. "Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099". http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_ascalon.html. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
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Urban II
(Pope)
Baldwin I
(King of Jerusalem)
Form 1099
(in banking)
Tancred
(Norman soldier)
Alexius I Comnenus
(Emperor of Byzantium)
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