11

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11 (eleven) (pronounced /ɨˈlɛvɨn/ ( listen) or /iːˈlɛvɛn/) is the natural number following 10 and preceding 12. It is the first number which cannot be represented by a human counting his or her eight fingers and two thumbs additively. Eleven is the smallest positive integer requiring three syllables in English, and it is also the largest prime number with a single-morpheme name in this language (although etymologically the word eleven originated from a Germanic compound *ainlif meaning "one left" [1]).

Look up eleven in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

In mathematics

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Eleven is the 5th smallest prime number. It is the smallest two-digit prime number in the decimal base; as well as, of course, in undecimal (where it is the smallest two-digit number). It is also the smallest three-digit prime in ternary, and the smallest four-digit prime in binary, but a single-digit prime in bases larger than ten, such as duodecimal, hexadecimal, vigesimal and sexagesimal. 11 is the fourth Sophie Germain prime, the third safe prime, the fourth Lucas prime, the first repunit prime, and the second Good prime. Although it is necessary for n to be prime for 2ⁿ − 1 to be a Mersenne prime, the converse is not true: 2¹¹ − 1 = 2047 which is 23 × 89. The next prime is 13, with which it comprises a twin prime. 11 is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form 3n − 1. Displayed on a calculator, 11 is a strobogrammatic prime and a dihedral prime because it reads the same whether the calculator is turned upside down or reflected on a mirror, or both.

Because it has a reciprocal of unique period length among primes, 11 is the second unique prime. 11 goes into 99 exactly 9 times, so vulgar fractions with 11 in the denominator have two digit repeating sequences in their decimal expansions. Multiples of eleven by one-digit numbers all have matching double digits: 00 (=0), 11, 22, 33, 44, etc. Bob Dorough, in his Schoolhouse Rock song "The Good Eleven", called them "Double-digit doogies" (soft g). Eleven is the Aliquot sum of one number, the discrete biprime 21 and is the base of the 11-aliquot tree.

As 11 is the smallest factor of the first eleven terms of the Euclid–Mullin sequence, it is the twelfth term.

An eleven-sided polygon is called a hendecagon or undecagon.

In both base 6 and base 8, the smallest prime with a composite sum of digits is 11.

Any number b+1 is written as "11_b" in base b, so 11 is trivially a palindrome in base 10. However 11 is a strictly non-palindromic number.

In base 10, there is a simple test to determine if an integer is divisible by 11: take every digit of the number located in odd position and add them up, then take the remaining digits and add them up. If the difference between the two sums is a multiple of 11, including 0, then the number is divisible by 11. For instance, if the number is 65,637 then (6 + 6 + 7) - (5 + 3) = 19 - 8 = 11, so 65,637 is divisible by eleven. This technique also works with groups of digits rather than individual digits, so long as the number of digits in each group is odd, although not all groups have to have the same number of digits. For instance, if one uses three digits in each group, one gets from 65,637 the calculation (065) - 637 = -572, which is divisible by eleven.

Another test for divisibility is to separate a number into groups of two consecutive digits (adding a leading zero if there is an odd number of digits), and then add up the numbers so formed; if the result is divisible by eleven, the number is divisible by eleven. For instance, if the number is 65,637, 06 + 56 + 37 = 99, which is divisible by eleven, so 65,637 is divisible by eleven. This also works by adding a trailing zero instead of a leading one: 65 + 63 + 70 = 198, which is divisible by eleven. This also works with larger groups of digits, providing that each group has an even number of digits (not all groups have to have the same number of digits).

An easy way of multiplying numbers by 11 in base 10 is: If the number has:

• 1 digit - Replicate the digit (so 2 x 11 becomes 22).
• 2 digits - Add the 2 digits together and place the result in the middle (so 47 x 11 becomes 4 (11) 7 or 4 (10+1) 7 or (4+1) 1 7 or 517).
• 3 digits - Keep the first digit in its place for the result's first digit, add the first and second digits together to form the result's second digit, add the second and third digits together to form the result's third digit, and keep the third digit as the result's fourth digit. For any resulting numbers greater than 9, carry the 1 to the left. Example 1: 123 x 11 becomes 1 (1+2) (2+3) 3 or 1353. Example 2: 481 x 11 becomes 4 (4+8) (8+1) 1 or 4 (10+2) 9 1 or (4+1) 2 9 1 or 5291.
• 4 or more digits - Follow the same pattern as for 3 digits.

In base 10, 11 is the only integer that is not a Nivenmorphic number.

In base thirteen and higher bases (such as hexadecimal), eleven is represented as B, where ten is A. In duodecimal, however, eleven is sometimes represented as E and ten as T.

Eleven is a Størmer number, a Heegner number, and a Mills prime.

There are 11 orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems (to within a conformal symmetry) in which the 3-variable Helmholtz equation can be solved using the separation of variables technique.

See also 11-cell.

Eleven of the thirty-five hexominoes can be folded to form cubes. Eleven of the sixty-six octiamonds can be folded to form octahedra.

List of basic calculations

Multiplication	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10		11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20		21	22	25		50	100	1000
	11	22	33	44	55	66	77	88	99	110		121	132	143	154	165	176	187	198	209	220		231	242	275		550	1100	11000

Division	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
	11	12	13	14	15
	11	5.5		2.75	2.2			1.375		1.1
	1
	1

Radix	1	5	10	15	20	25	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
	110	120	130	140	150	200	250	500	1000	10000	100000	1000000
	1	5

List of basic operations that make 11

	+	−
0			N/A	N/A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

In science

• The atomic number of sodium.
• In chemistry, Group 11 includes the three coinage metals copper, silver, and gold known from antiquity. It also includes the superheavy element roentgenium, which was discovered only recently.
• The number of spacetime dimensions in M-theory.

Astronomy

• Apollo 11 was the first manned spacecraft to land on the Moon.

• The approximate periodicity of a sunspot cycle is 11 years.

• Messier object M11, a magnitude 7.0 open cluster in the constellation Scutum, also known as the Wild Duck Cluster.

• The New General Catalogue object NGC 11, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

• The Saros number of the solar eclipse series which began on -2511 December 26 and ended on -1158 March 18. The duration of Saros series 11 was 1352.2 years, and it contained 76 solar eclipses.

• The Saros number of the lunar eclipse series which began on -2389 June 19 and ended on -1037 September 8. The duration of Saros series 11 was 1352.2 years, and it contained 76 lunar eclipses.

• The 11th moon of Jupiter is Himalia.

In music

• The interval of an octave and a fourth is an eleventh. A complete eleventh chord has almost every note of a diatonic scale.
• The number of thumb keys on a bassoon, not counting the whisper key. (A few bassoons have a twelfth thumb key.)
• In the mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap, Spinal Tap's amplifiers go up to eleven.
• In Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, there are eleven consecutive repetitions of the same chord.
• In Tool's song Jimmy, the number eleven is heard numerous times in the lyrics.

In sports

• There are eleven players on a soccer team on the field at a time as well as in a cricket team. Within a school or college, the phrases "the first football XI" and "the first cricket XI" generally refer to the first (best) team currently playing. Other teams are often referred to as "the second XI" etc.

• Also in soccer, in the German language (and possibly others, in countries that predominantly use the metric system) a penalty kick is referred to as "Elfmeter" because the penalty spot is approximately 11m (precisely 12 yards) from the goal line. Historically, in the Pyramid formation that position names are taken from, a left wing-forward in football wears number 11. In the modern game, especially using the 4-4-2 formation, it is worn by a left-sided midfielder. Less commonly a striker will wear the shirt.

• There are eleven players in a field hockey team. The player wearing 11 will usually play on the left-hand side, as in soccer.

• An American football team also has eleven players on the field at one time during play. 11 is also worn by quarterbacks, kickers, punter and wide receivers in American football's NFL. The only NFL team that has retired the #11 is the New York Giants, in honor of quarterback Phil Simms.

• In rugby union the left wing wears the 11 shirt. Jonah Lomu wore the number when he played for the All Blacks as he played left wing (see rugby union above).

• In rugby league, the 11 shirt is worn by a second-row forward.

• In cricket, the eleventh batsman is usually the weakest batsman, at the end of the tail. He is primarily in the team for his bowling abilities.

• The car number 11 was driven by Ayrton Senna as he won the 1988 Formula One World Championship. Also Darrell Waltrip and Cale Yarborough used the number when they won their NASCAR Winston Cup Series championships.

In the military

• The number of guns in a gun salute to U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps Brigadier Generals, and to Navy and Coast Guard Rear Admirals Lower Half.
• The Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) designator given to US Army Infantry (AKA 11 Series, or 11B, 11C, 11D, 11H, 11M, etc)
• The number of General Orders for Sentries in the Marine Corps and United States Navy.
• A page in the Service Record Book of an enlisted Marine for writing down disciplinary actions.
• World War I ended with an Armistice on November 11, 1918, which went into effect at 11:00 am-the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of the year. Armistice Day is still observed on November 11 of each year, although it is now called Veteran's Day in the United States and Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth of Nations and parts of Europe.

In Computing

• In Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Konqueror for KDE, and Internet Explorer 4 ^[1] for Windows, the function key F11 key toggles full screen viewing mode. In Mac OS X, F11 hides all open windows.
• The windowing system for Unix computers is known as X11.

Canada

• The stylized maple leaf on the Flag of Canada has eleven points.
• The Canadian one-dollar coin is a hendecagon, an eleven-sided polygon.
• Clocks depicted on Canadian currency, for example the Canadian fifty-dollar bill, show 11:00.
• Eleven denominations of Canadian currency are produced in large quantities.
• Due to Canada's federal nature, eleven legally distinct Crowns effectively exist in the country, with the Monarch being represented separately in each province, as well as at the federal level.

In other fields

• Three films -- Ben-Hur (1959), Titanic (1997), and The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King (2003) -- have each won eleven Academy Awards, including Best Picture of their respective years.
• The number eleven is important in numerology, as it is the first of the Master Numbers.
• Being only one hour before 12:00—midnight—the eleventh hour means the last possible moment to take care of something, and often implies a situation of urgent danger or emergency (see Doomsday clock).
• In Astrology, Aquarius is the 11th astrological sign of the Zodiac.
• Ocean's Eleven is the name of two American films.
• In Basque, hamaika ("eleven") has the double meaning of "infinite", probably from amaigabe, "endless", as in Hamaika aldiz etortzeko esan dizut! ("I told you infinite/eleven times to come!").
• American Airlines flight 11, a Boston-Los Angeles flight which crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center after being hijacked by terrorists in New York City, New York on September 11, 2001.
• The number 11 bus is a low-cost way of sightseeing in London
• In the game of blackjack, an Ace can be counted as either one or eleven, whichever is more advantageous for the player.
• 11 is the number of the French department Aude.

Historical years

11 A.D., 11 B.C., 1911, 2011, etc.

See also

11:11 11:11 (numerology)

Mathematics portal

References