1100

1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100

political events

The papal legate Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, arrives at Jerusalem with his own army of Crusaders, announces that the election last year of Arnulf of Chocques (Arnulf Malecorne, or Arnulf of Rohea) was illegal, deposes Arnulf, makes himself patriarch, and invests Jerusalem's king Godfrey of Bouillon and Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, as his vassals. Godfrey of Bouillon dies at Jerusalem July 18 at age 39 after successful forays against the Seljuk Turks that have taken him as far as Damascus. Daimbert takes over as Jerusalem's ruler, but Godfrey's older brother Baldwin, count of Flanders (and count of Edessa northeast of Jerusalem) marches on the Holy City, forces Daimbert to crown him king, and will rule until 1118 as Baldwin I, with help from Tancred, the Sicilian Norman who is now prince of Galilee (see Daimbert, 1102).

England's William II Rufus dies August 2 at age 44 after being struck by an arrow while hunting in the New Forest. Sir Walter Tyrel is accused of having shot the arrow but flees the country to avoid a trial and then protests his innocence (Ralph of Aix is also accused). Others in the royal hunting train include William's 32-year-old brother, who will reign until 1135 as Henry I.

religion

The antipope Clement III dies at Civita Castellana September 8 at age 75 (approximate) after a 20-year reign in opposition to the legitimate popes Gregory VII, Victor III, and Urban II.

communications, media

Middle English begins to supersede Old English, and the dialect of the Ile-de-France begins to prevail over other French dialects.

1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100

Astronomy

Chinese astronomers build a stone planisphere of the heavens that correctly demonstrates the cause of solar and lunar eclipses. A planisphere is a device that shows a map of the heavens for whatever date and time it is set. See also 510 ce Astronomy.

The Anasazi of Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) construct the building we know today as Pueblo Bonito, with 800 rooms that could be home to as many as 1000 people. As an apartment house, it is not to be surpassed in size until a large apartment complex is built in New York City in 1882. See also 800 Construction; 1882 Construction.

Forks for dining reach Italy from the Middle East, the first inroads of the implement into Europe. See also 600 Food & agriculture; 1370 Food & agriculture.

Italians learn to distill wine to make brandy. See also 900 Food & agriculture; 1276 Food & agriculture.

The art of paper manufacture spreads from Cairo to Morocco. See also 900 Materials; 1150 Materials.

Iron production in China reaches an annual level of 170,000 metric tons (154,000 short tons). See also 954 Materials; 1340 Materials.

During the Song dynasty in China, true porcelain pottery is made, along with improved glazed stoneware called celadon. See also 800 Materials; 1375 Materials.

The gravity-powered catapult, in which the principle of the lever is used to give great speed to a missile attached to the long arm of the catapult when a heavy weight brings down the short arm, is invented. The new catapult is more reliable than the torsion-powered catapult, in use for about 1400 years, since the new form is not affected by humidity. See also 100 ce Tools.

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