1159

1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160

political events

An English army led by Henry II's chancellor Thomas à Becket, 41, invades Toulouse to assert the rights of Henry's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, but Louis VII drives the English off (see 1152; 1160).

Poland's exiled duke Wladyslaw Wygnaniec dies in exile at Altenburg May 30 at age 53 (approximate), having been driven out by his brothers in 1146.

The Japanese emperor Nijo is dethroned and imprisoned along with his father, the former emperor Goshirakawa, by Noboyori Fujiwara and Yoshitomo Minamoto, who stage a palace revolution (the Heiji Disturbance) while Kiyomori Taira is away from Kyoto visiting the Kumano shrine (see 1158). Kiyomori returns at news of the coup, kills Fujiwara, reinstates the emperor Nijo, and becomes the power behind the throne (see 1160).

religion

Pope Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear) dies September 1 after a 5-year reign and is succeeded by Siena-born Rolando Cardinal Bandinelli, who will reign until 1181 as Alexander III.

literature

Nonfiction: Policratus by John of Salisbury is the first medieval attempt to formulate an extended and systematic treatment of political philosophy. A protégé of Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, John denounces Henry II for exacting funds from the Church to support his invasion of Toulouse and presents the first explicit defense of tyrannicide.

1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160

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Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	11th century – 12th century – 13th century
Decades:	1120s  1130s  1140s  – 1150s –  1160s  1170s  1180s
Years:	1156 1157 1158 – 1159 – 1160 1161 1162

1159 by topic

Politics

State leaders – Sovereign states

Birth and death categories

Births – Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments – Disestablishments v • d • e

Art and literature

1159 in poetry v • d • e

1159 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1159 MCLIX
Ab urbe condita	1912
Armenian calendar	608 ԹՎ ՈԸ
Bahá'í calendar	-685 – -684
Berber calendar	2109
Buddhist calendar	1703
Burmese calendar	521
Byzantine calendar	6667 – 6668
Chinese calendar	戊寅年十二月初十日 (3795/3855-12-10) — to — 己卯年十一月二十日 (3796/3856-11-20)
Coptic calendar	875 – 876
Ethiopian calendar	1151 – 1152
Hebrew calendar	4919 – 4920
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1214 – 1215
- Shaka Samvat	1081 – 1082
- Kali Yuga	4260 – 4261
Holocene calendar	11159
Iranian calendar	537 – 538
Islamic calendar	553 – 554
Japanese calendar
Korean calendar	3492
Thai solar calendar	1702
v • d • e

Events

• In the Roman Catholic Church, cardinals are given the right to elect the Pope. Prior to this, the pope was elected by the clergy and congregation of the church.
• September 7—Pope Alexander III succeeds Pope Adrian IV as the 170th pope.
• The Heiji Rebellion breaks out in Japan.
• Tunis is reconquered from the Normans by the Almohad caliphs.

Births

• Minamoto no Yoshitsune, Japanese general (d. 1189)

Deaths

• May 30—Wladislaus II the Exile of Poland (b. 1105)
• September 1—Pope Adrian IV (b. c. 1100)
• October 11—William of Blois, Count of Boulogne and Earl of Surrey (b. c. 1137)
• Bertha of Sulzbach, Byzantine Empress (b. 1110s)
• Joscelin II, Count of Edessa

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