1191
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1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200
Contents: political eventsreligion food and drink |
The young German king Heinrich VI is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the new pope Celestine III at Rome April 14. His Norman wife, Constance d'Hauteville, becomes Holy Roman Empress-consort.
England's Richard the Lion-Hearted arrives in Sicily with a fleet of 100 ships but spends the winter quarreling with France's Philip II. He leaves Messina in March, conquers Cyprus, and marries Berengaria of Navarre, 19, who is escorted to Cyprus for the wedding by Richard's mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard sells Cyprus to the Knights Templar, moves on to join the siege of Acre in June, and takes a major role in reducing Acre; his men behead some 2,500 "infidels," including entire families, but Saladin stands his ground at the walls of the holy city and Richard realizes that if he reenters Jerusalem he will not be able to keep his men from deserting and Saladin will wait him out. He offends Leopold of Austria with his arrogance. Berengaria has accompanied Richard and his sister Joanna to Palestine, where it is suggested that Joanna marry Saladin's brother and rule the kingdom of Jerusalem jointly with him.
France's Philippe II Augustus falls ill, leaves the crusade, and returns to Paris by Christmas after concluding an alliance en route with the new Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich VI against England's offensive Richard Coeur de Lion, who meanwhile has gained a brilliant victory September 7 over the forces of Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf and led the Christian host to within a few miles of Jerusalem. Ambushed by Saladin while marching south after taking Acre, Richard's army of about 25,000 inflicts 7,000 casualties while sustaining only 700, but Saladin regroups September 9 and continues to harass Richard's crusaders, blocking their advance on Jerusalem (see 1192).
The Russian prince George Bobolyubski leads a rebellion of disaffected Georgian noblemen against his ex-wife, Queen Tamara, but her forces win two pitched battles, the prince is captured, and Tamara allows him to withdraw to Byzantium.
Muizz-ud-Din of Ghur invades northern India (see 1187), but he is defeated in the first Battle of Tarain (Taraori) some 70 miles north of Delhi by a Rajput army under the command of Prthviraja III of Ajmer and Delhi, who has gained support from Jai Chand of Kanauj and Varnasi (Benares) (but see 1192).
The "blood libel" that Jews use the blood of Christian children to make matzoh at Passover surfaces for the first time in England (see massacre, 1190). Their pagan enemies made a similar charge against Christians in earlier centuries, and now it is the Christians who perform ritual murders, in the name of religion, on dates selected from the sacred calendar; much of the new demonizing of Jews arises from the seeming inconsistency that Crusaders are marching 3,000 miles to the Holy Land to fight Muslims while the people who are widely believed to have killed Christ are free to live peacefully in Europe. The absurd canard about using Christian blood to make matzoh will spread throughout the Continent and persist for centuries.
Pope Clement III dies at Rome March 20 after a reign of less than 3½ years and is succeeded March 30 by the Rome-born Giacinto Cardinal Bobone (or Bobo-Orsini), 84. A student and friend of the late Peter Abelard, the new pope is ordained a priest April 14 and will reign until his death in 1198 as Celestine III.
Zen Buddhism is introduced to Japan by the priest Aeisai, 50, who returns from a visit to China.
The Zen Buddhist priest Aeisai plants tea seeds in Japan, making medicinal claims for tea that will be published in 1214 (see 805; 1597; tea ceremony, 1484; 1591).
1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200
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This article is about the year 1191.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 11th century – 12th century – 13th century |
| Decades: | 1160s 1170s 1180s – 1190s – 1200s 1210s 1220s |
| Years: | 1188 1189 1190 – 1191 – 1192 1193 1194 |
| 1191 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1191 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1191 MCXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 1944 |
| Armenian calendar | 640 ԹՎ ՈԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5941 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -653–-652 |
| Bengali calendar | 598 |
| Berber calendar | 2141 |
| English Regnal year | 2 Ric. 1 – 3 Ric. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1735 |
| Burmese calendar | 553 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6699–6700 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚戌年十二月初四日 (3827/3887-12-4) — to —
辛亥年十二月十四日(3828/3888-12-14) |
| Coptic calendar | 907–908 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1183–1184 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4951–4952 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1247–1248 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1113–1114 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4292–4293 |
| Holocene calendar | 11191 |
| Iranian calendar | 569–570 |
| Islamic calendar | 586–587 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1191 MCXCI |
| Korean calendar | 3524 |
| Minguo calendar | 721 before ROC 民前721年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1734 |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1191 |
Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Asia
- July 12 – Saladin's garrison surrenders, ending the two-year siege of Acre. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of the Third Crusade leaders Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Leopold V of Austria on the city's walls and towers. Richard stays to push on to Jerusalem, but Philip returns to France to take possession of a part of Flanders whose count had died at the siege of Acre. Back in France, Philip also schemes with Richard's brother, John of England, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's (and Richard's) mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan.[1]
- September 7 – Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf during the Third Crusade.
- Khmer King Jayavarman VII sacks the capital of Champa.
Europe
- April 17 – Tusculum is destroyed by the army of the Commune of Rome.[2]
- May 12 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
- Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned by Pope Celestine III.
- Duke Berthold V of Zähringen founds the city of Bern (present-day Switzerland).
- After having failed in their endeavor the year before, the Almohads reconquer the city of Silves in Portugal.[3] In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alcácer so Sal while Palmela and Almada are sacked.[4]
By topic
Art
- The monks of Glastonbury Abbey announce that they have found the burial sites of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere.
Technology
- The first reference to the windmill in Europe is made by a Dean Herbert of East Anglia, whose mills are supposedly in competition with the abbey of Bury St Edmunds. This is probably an invention imported from interaction with the Muslim world, since the first windmills were most likely innovated from the Bana Musa brothers in the Islamic Middle East during the middle 9th century. The windmill will spread in the other direction, to be introduced to China by as early as 1219.
Religion
- April 14 – Pope Celestine III succeeds Pope Clement III as the 175th pope.
- November 27 – Reginald fitz Jocelin is elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Eisai founds the Rinzai Zen sect in Japan.
- The monks of Glastonbury Abbey dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman and announce to have discovered the tomb of king Arthur and Queen Guinevere.[5]
Births
- February 8 – Yaroslav II of Russia (d. 1246)
Deaths
- March 20 – Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia (b. 1167)
- March 27 – Pope Clement III
- December 26 – Reginald fitz Jocelin, Archbishop-elect of Canterbury
- William V, Marquess of Montferrat, Burgundian crusader (b. c. 1115)
- Walter of the Mill, archdeacon of Cefalù, dean of Agrigento and archbishop of Palermo
In fiction
- The events of the Ubisoft video game Assassin's Creed take place in this year.
References
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 43
- ^ Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur (2010) L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains à l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. pp.316.
- ^ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ^ Grandsen, Antonia (2001). "The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century". In J. P. Carley. Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition. Boydell & Brewer. p. 43. ISBN 0-85991-572-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=-YZYTTST1YkC&pg=PA305&dq=glastonbury+1191&hl=en&ei=mre_TqSjMcSUOrij1L0B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1191&f=false.
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