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Contents: political eventsreligion |
Sweden's Johan I Sverkersson dies at Visingö March 10 at age 21 and is succeeded by a 6-year-old who will reign until 1229 as Erik X and then reign again from 1234 to 1250 (see 1229).
A Golden Bull strengthens Hungary's monarchy but limits its functions. Promulgated by András II under pressure from his son Belá and other feudal lords, the bull's 31 articles affirm basic rights and privileges, compelling the king to convene the diet on a regular basis and giving the nobles and bishops the right to resist should András or any future king violate the bull's provisions (jus resistendi). The bull exempts the clergy and the gentry from taxation, provides for the dismissal of the king's county officials (foispan) for misconduct, guarantees the nobility against arbitrary imprisonment and confiscation, exempts them from having to serve without pay in the king's army abroad, and grants landowners the right to dispose of their domains as they see fit, but no landed estates may be owned by foreigners (see human rights, 1231).
Raymond VI, comte de Toulouse, faints from the heat and dies of a stroke at Toulouse in August at age 65, having regained most of the lands taken from him by the Fourth Lateran Council and given to the late Simon de Montfort. Because he has refused to persecute the Cathar "heretics" he is denied a Christian burial; his 25-year-old son succeeds to the title as Raymond VII.
The Nicaean emperor Theodore Lascaris dies at Nicaea in November at age 47 (approximate), having betrothed his daughter Eudocia to the Latin emperor Robert of Courtenay. Theodore is succeeded by his 29-year-old son-in-law, who will reign until his death in 1254 as John III Vatatzes. Theodore's brothers Alexius and Isaac protest the succession, precipitating a civil war.
The Mongols make their first appearance in Europe as Genghis Khan invades Russian territories, but he has quarreled with the eldest of his four sons Juchi (or Jöcho), who henceforth will not participate in Genghis Khan's battles, although he will help his brother Ughedei (Ogödei, or Subutai) in attacking the Volga Bulgars (see 1223)
England's Council of Oxford establishes April 23 as St. George's Day to honor the Christian martyr who died early in the 4th century. The patron saint of England is said to have slain a dragon (representing the Devil) to rescue the king's daughter Sabra (representing the Church).
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