1228
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Papal soldiers of Gregory IX invade the lands of Friedrich II in what the pope calls a crusade against the "non-Christian" king.
A Sixth Crusade embarks for the Holy Land in midsummer under the leadership of the excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, who capitalizes on dissensions among descendants of the late Malik-al-Adil to achieve his ends through diplomacy (see 1229).
Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, dies at Slindon, Sussex, July 9.
Francis of Assisi is canonized by Pope Gregory IX just 2 years after his death. Franciscan monks will play a major role in history for the next 4 centuries.
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This article is about the year 1228.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 12th century – 13th century – 14th century |
| Decades: | 1190s 1200s 1210s – 1220s – 1230s 1240s 1250s |
| Years: | 1225 1226 1227 – 1228 – 1229 1230 1231 |
| 1228 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1228 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1228 MCCXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 1981 |
| Armenian calendar | 677 ԹՎ ՈՀԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5978 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -616–-615 |
| Bengali calendar | 635 |
| Berber calendar | 2178 |
| English Regnal year | 12 Hen. 3 – 13 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1772 |
| Burmese calendar | 590 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6736–6737 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁亥年十一月廿三日 (3864/3924-11-23) — to —
戊子年十二月初四日(3865/3925-12-4) |
| Coptic calendar | 944–945 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1220–1221 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4988–4989 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1284–1285 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1150–1151 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4329–4330 |
| Holocene calendar | 11228 |
| Iranian calendar | 606–607 |
| Islamic calendar | 625–626 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1228 MCCXXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3561 |
| Minguo calendar | 684 before ROC 民前684年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1771 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1228 |
Year 1228 (MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By area
Africa
- Abu Zakariya founds the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiyah (today's Tunisia).
Asia
- Sukaphaa, the first Ahom king, establishes his rule in Assam. The Ahom kings reign for close to 600 years.
Europe
- April 25 – Conrad IV of Germany becomes titular King of Jerusalem, with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor as regent.
- June 28 – The Sixth Crusade is launched from Brindisi by Emperor Frederick II, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX.
- Baldwin II becomes emperor of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, with John of Brienne as regent.
- The Transylvanian town of Reghin is first mentioned in a charter of Andrew II of Hungary.
- Spain: King James I of Aragon launches a major offensive against the Muslims in Majorca. The same year, in Murcia, confronted to increasing Christian pressure, the cadi (soon to be called emir), Ibn Hud al-Yamadi, denounces the Almohads and acknowledges the Abbasids as legitimate caliphs, in effect declaring independence.[1] Other notable Christian success: Alfonso IX of Leon conquers Mérida.[2]
By topic
Markets
- The city of Tournai emits its first recorded life annuity, thus confirming a trend of consolidation of public debts started ten years earlier in Rheims.[3]
- First evidence of the use of the knights Templar as cashiers by the king of England to transfer safely important sums to the continent using letters of exchange. This shows that large transfers could take place across Europe even before the emergence of important networks of Italian merchant-bankers.[4]
Religion
- July 16 – Saint Francis of Assisi is canonized by Pope Gregory IX.
Births
- April 25 – Conrad IV of Germany (d. 1254)
- William II, Count of Holland
- Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi, Islamic legal scholar
Deaths
- July 9 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury
- September 24 – Stefan Nemanjić, King of Serbia
- Aedh mac Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht
- Robert of Courtenay, emperor of the Latin Empire
- Queen Yolande of Jerusalem (b. 1212)
References
- ^ Peter Linehan (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia. The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 672. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
- ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 18725155.
- ^ Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review 8 (1).
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Frederick II
(Holy Roman emperor and king of Sicily)
William of Auvergne
(philosophy)
Francis of Assisi, Saint
(Italian Roman Catholic friar)
Robert of Courtenay
(Constantinopole emperor)
1221
(chronology)
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