1229

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political events

The Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II signs a treaty February 18 with the Egyptian sultan Malik-al-Kamil, nephew of the late Saladin, who surrenders Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Jerusalem plus a corridor to the port of Acre for use by Christian pilgrims (see 1187). Jerusalem's patriarchs oppose Friedrich's accession but he enters the city March 12 and crowns himself king March 18 in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, assuming the monarchy by right of his marriage in November 1225 to the late Iolande (Isabella), daughter of Jerusalem's titular king Jean de Brienne. Friedrich returns to Italy in June and easily drives out his foes.

Swedish magnates depose the boy-king Erik XI Eriksson after a 7-year reign and replace him with Knud, who will reign until 1234. Erik flees to Norway under the protection of his guardians but will return in 1233.

The Teutonic Knights arrive on the Vistula, having been summoned by Konrad, duke of Masovien, to protect his duchy from constant raids by neighbors in Pruzzen.

Simon de Montfort moves to England (see 1218). Now 21, the French-born younger son and namesake of the late Norman crusader will gain help from his cousin Ranulf, earl of Chester, in obtaining some confiscated estates.

Majorca in the Balearic Islands falls to the forces of Aragon's Jaime I in December (see Ibiza, 1235).

exploration, colonization

Turku is founded by Finns, who build a cathedral and make the new town their capital.

religion

Raymond VII, comte de Toulouse, is forced to do penance at the new Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris April 12 and promises to help stamp out the Cathar "heresy" (see 1226). Albigensian Crusaders at Toulouse forbid laymen to read the Bible, which has not been translated into anything but Greek and Latin and will not be for centuries to come. The crusade as such ends after 20 years, but persecution of Cathars will continue (see inquisition, 1233).

literature

Nonfiction: First Legend by Franciscan monk Thomas of Celano, 29, is a biographical sketch of St. Francis of Assisi, whom Thomas joined at age 14. His Second Legend will appear in 1247.

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