1261

1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270

political events

The Latin empire founded in 1204 ends July 25 as Constantinople falls to a Greek army under Alexius Stragopulos and the Nicaean emperor Michael, who have taken advantage of the absence of the Venetian fleet to cross the Bosphorus and drive out the emperor Baldwin II Porphyrogenitus, now 44 (approximate), who has reigned since 1228 but now flees through Greece to Italy and France. The Nicaean emperor, now 27, takes power and begins a 21-year reign as Michael VIII Palaeologus, restoring Greek control of the Byzantine empire after 57 years of Latin control. The Palaeologi family will rule until 1453.

Bohemia's Ottakar II (the Great) annexes Styria despite efforts by Hungary's Béla IV to retain it (see 1269). Béla turns back a second Mongol invasion (see 1241).

Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, flees to the Continent in October with his wife, Eleanor, after being isolated from the other barons by England's Henry III (see 1260; 1262).

human rights, social justice

English women gain improved rights to control their own lands and money but do not have the same rights as men by any means (see 1215).

religion

Pope Alexander IV dies at Viterbo May 25 after a 6½-year reign in which Carmelite monks have defied his order to give up wearing their striped cloaks (see 1155; 1295). He is succeeded August 29 by the patriarch of Jerusalem Jacques Pantaléon, 61, who will reign until 1264 as Urban IV.

education

Balliol College is founded at Oxford, England, where a school has existed since the 9th century (see 1249). Founder John de Balliol heads a landowning family that has been prominent in England and France for several generations (see Merton, 1264).

1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270

Years: 1258 1259 1260 – 1261 – 1262 1263 1264

Decades: 1230s 1240s 1250s – 1260s – 1270s 1280s 1290s

Centuries: 12th century – 13th century – 14th century

1261 by topic

Politics

State leaders – Sovereign states

Birth and death categories

Births – Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments – Disestablishments v • d • e

Art and literature

1261 in poetry v • d • e

1261 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1261 MCCLXI
Ab urbe condita	2014
Armenian calendar	710 ԹՎ ՉԺ
Bahá'í calendar	-583 – -582
Berber calendar	2211
Buddhist calendar	1805
Burmese calendar	623
Byzantine calendar	6769 – 6770
Chinese calendar	庚申年十一月廿九日 (3897/3957-11-29) — to — 辛酉年十二月初八日 (3898/3958-12-8)
Coptic calendar	977 – 978
Ethiopian calendar	1253 – 1254
Hebrew calendar	5021 – 5022
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1316 – 1317
- Shaka Samvat	1183 – 1184
- Kali Yuga	4362 – 4363
Holocene calendar	11261
Iranian calendar	639 – 640
Islamic calendar	659 – 660
Japanese calendar
Korean calendar	3594
Thai solar calendar	1804
v • d • e

Hagia Sofia in Constantinople. The city was captured by the Empire of Nicaea on July 25, 1261, thus re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.

Events

• January – Pope Alexander IV bans the Flagellants movement.
• July 25 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, thus re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
• 15 August – Michael VIII Palaeologus is crowned Byzantine emperor in Constantinople.
• August 29 – Pope Urban IV succeeds Pope Alexander IV as the 182nd pope, the last man to do so without being a cardinal first.
• The population of Greenland accepts the overlordship of the King of Norway.
• The Japanese Bun'ō era ends, and the Kōchō era begins.
• The Convent of Wurmsbach is established in Switzerland.
• Baibars establishes a puppet caliphate in Cairo.
• Bela IV of Hungary repels a Tatar invasion.
• Kublai Khan, who became a Khagan claimant in the previously year, releases 75 Song Dynasty Chinese merchants from captivity after they had been captured along the border of his Empire and the Southern Song Dynasty of China. This is an act to increase his reputation amongst the Chinese, shore up his legitimacy as a just ruler, and to gain more defectors from the Southern Song Dynasty.
• The earliest extant Chinese illustration of 'Pascal's Triangle' is from Yang Hui's book Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa, published in this year, although knowledge of Pascal's Triangle existed in China by at least 1100.

Births

• February 1 – Walter de Stapledon, English bishop (d. 1326)
• February 11 – Otto III, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1312)
• October 9 – King Denis of Portugal (d. 1325)
• Bohemond VII of Tripoli, prince of Antioch (d. 1287)
• Prince Daniel of Moscow, son of Alexander Nevsky (d. 1303)
• Konoe Iemoto, Japanese kugyō (d. 1296)
• Albertino Mussato, statesman and writer (d. 1329)
• Władysław I the Elbow-high, King of Poland (d. 1333)

Deaths

• February 28 – Henry III, Duke of Brabant
• May 25 – Pope Alexander IV
• July 8 – Adolf IV of Holstein, Count of Schauenburg
• September – Plaisance of Antioch, queen of Cyprus
• September 18 – Konrad von Hochstaden, Archbishop of Cologne
• November 9 – Sanchia of Provence, queen consort of Germany
• An-Nasir Dawud, Ayyubid sultan of Damascus and Emir of Kerak
• Philip Berruyer, archbishop of Bourges
• Bettisia Gozzadini, scholar (b. 1209)
• Qin Jiushao, Chinese mathematician of the Song Dynasty (b. 1202)

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