1265

1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270

political events

The new pope Clement IV induces Charles d'Anjou to accept the kingdom of the Sicily as a papal fief, offering conditions even more favorable than those offered by Pope Urban IV in 1263. He grants Charles all the privileges of a crusade; Charles sails for Rome. He narrowly escapes capture by the fleet of the Sicilian king Manfred but reaches Rome safely and is crowned by the pope.

England's Prince Edward escapes from his custodians at Hereford in May (Whitsuntide) with help from Gilbert de Clare, 8th earl of Gloucester. Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, has tried to make up for his lack of baronial support by summoning representatives of the shires and boroughs to Parliament, but although he has attempted to rule through elected councilors and a parliament that includes country knights and burgesses as well as great noblemen, his military dictatorship has antagonized the country. Edward gains support from lords of the Welsh march who are still at arms, and he kills Leicester August 4 at Evesham (some 3,000 barons, knights, and infantry are killed by the royal army, which loses about 2,000 killed and wounded). Dead at age 57 (approximate), Leicester is buried in the abbey at Evesham. Richard, earl of Cornwall, is released from imprisonment at Kenilworth (see Dictum of Kenilworth, 1266); Edward will dictate government policy for the remaining 7 years of his father's reign.

The Mongol khan Hülegü dies and is succeeded by his son Abagha, who will rule Persia until his death in 1282.

religion

Gui Cardinal Foulques (Guido Fulcodi) is elected pope in absentia February 5 while on a diplomatic mission to England, succeeding the late Pope Urban IV. He is consecrated February 15 and will reign until 1268 as Clement IV.

music

The motet musical form developed by Franco of Cologne and Pierre de la Croix will not reach mature form until the 16th century.

food and drink

London's Covent Garden market has its beginnings in a fruit and vegetable stand set up on the north side of the highway between London and Westminster by monks of St. Peter's Abbey. They begin to sell produce from their garden that exceed the requirements of their Westminster Abbey (see commerce, 1552).

1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270

Years: 1262 1263 1264 – 1265 – 1266 1267 1268

Decades: 1230s 1240s 1250s – 1260s – 1270s 1280s 1290s

Centuries: 12th century – 13th century – 14th century

1265 by topic

Politics

State leaders – Sovereign states

Birth and death categories

Births – Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments – Disestablishments v • d • e

Art and literature

1265 in poetry v • d • e

1265 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1265 MCCLXV
Ab urbe condita	2018
Armenian calendar	714 ԹՎ ՉԺԴ
Bahá'í calendar	-579 – -578
Berber calendar	2215
Buddhist calendar	1809
Burmese calendar	627
Byzantine calendar	6773 – 6774
Chinese calendar	甲子年十二月十三日 (3901/3961-12-13) — to — 乙丑年十一月廿三日 (3902/3962-11-23)
Coptic calendar	981 – 982
Ethiopian calendar	1257 – 1258
Hebrew calendar	5025 – 5026
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1320 – 1321
- Shaka Samvat	1187 – 1188
- Kali Yuga	4366 – 4367
Holocene calendar	11265
Iranian calendar	643 – 644
Islamic calendar	663 – 664
Japanese calendar
Korean calendar	3598
Thai solar calendar	1808
v • d • e

Contents 1 Events 1.1 Europe 1.1.1 War and politics 1.1.2 Culture 1.2 Africa and Asia 2 Births 3 Deaths

Events

Europe

War and politics

• January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (De Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now also known as the Houses of Parliament.
• May 28: Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.
• August 4 – The Battle of Evesham of the Second Barons' War is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort and killing de Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.
• Reconquista: King Alfonso X of Castile captures the city of Alicante, Spain from the Moors.
• The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.
• Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.
• In the first major battle in 5 years since the Song Dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River after Mongke Khan's failed invasion in 1259, Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.

Culture

• The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.
• The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic); Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.
• Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope and later for papal bulls.
• February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV as the 183rd pope.

Africa and Asia

• The Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.
• Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.
• Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.
• India,Delhi:Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.

Births

• May 10 – Emperor Fushimi of Japan (d. 1317)
• c. June 1 – Dante (d. 1321)
• King Alfonso III of Aragon

Deaths

• January 20 – John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of England
• February 8 – Hulagu Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1217)
• April 25 – Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester, English politician (b. 1195)
• May 16 – Saint Simon Stock, English saint (b. c. 1165)
• August 4 – Killed in the Battle Of Evesham:
  • Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (b. 1223)
  • Henry de Montfort (b. 1238)
  • Peter de Montfort
  • Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (b. 1208)
• December 3 – Odofredus, Italian jurist
• Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (b. 1200)

A map of the Byzantine Empire and surrounding lands in 1265.

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