1274
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The Diet of Regensburg strips Bohemia's Ottakar II (the Great) of his rights to Austria, Styria, and Carinthia (see 1271). Ottakar has expanded his territories to reach from Silesia to the Adriatic, but he has incurred the enmity of the new German king Rudolf of Hapsburg (see 1276).
Enrique I of Navarre (Enrique el Gordo) (count Henri III of Champagne) dies at Pamplona July 22 at age 64 (approximate), having reigned only since December 1270.
England's Edward I lands at Dover August 2 together with his wife, Eleanor of Castile. His mother, Eleanor of Provence, retires to a convent, and Edward is crowned at Westminster August 18. Edward takes over the Kentish castle of Leeds begun by a Saxon chief and rebuilt by the Norman baron Robert de Crèvecoeur in 1119. Edward will make many improvements.
China's Kublai Khan sends an invasion fleet to conquer Japan, whose emperor has refused dispatches calling on him to submit. Some 300 large vessels plus 400 to 500 smaller vessels manned by 8,000 Korean and 20,000 Mongol troops begin landing at Hakata Bay in Kyushu October 19. Equipped with iron cannon and cannonballs, the invaders use poisoned arrows, violating traditional Japanese protocol, but a typhoon strikes November 20, sinking more than 200 Mongol ships along with 13,000 men sleeping aboard; the survivors retreat to the mainland in terror (see 1281).
The erudite Persian philosopher-scientist-mathematician Nasir ad-Din al-Tusi dies outside Baghdad June 26 at age 73, having improved on earlier Arabic translations of Euclid, Ptolemy, and Autolycus.
Sir Thomas Aquinas dies March 7 at age 48, having stopped at Fossanouova en route to defend the papal cause at the 14th ecumenical council at Lyons, where Pope Gregory X issues his constitution (Ubi Periculum) designed to avoid further vacancies between pontificates. Sir Thomas in his final days has developed the "seven deadly sins" listed by Pope Gregory the Great in 604, and news of his death comes as a shock to his former mentor Albertus Magnus, now 67. The council regulates for the first time the conclave (assembly of cardinals) that elects popes. The council decrees a reunion of sorts between the Greek and Roman churches and initiates a new crusade, but the Adrianople-born monk Athanasius, 44, leads the Greek Orthodox opposition to any reunion.
Sweden's Valdemar Birgersson makes a pilgrimage to Rome in quest of forgiveness from Pope Gregory X for having had extramarital relations with his wife's sister, a postulant nun who has borne his child. Gregory requires Valdemar to acknowledge papal overlordship and accept responsibility for remitting taxes to Rome (see politics, 1275).
Marco Polo visits Yunnan and sees the "Tartars" eating raw beef, mutton, buffalo, poultry, and other flesh chopped and seasoned with garlic (which Buddhists avoid, along with onions and meat). Now 30, Polo will enter the service of Kublai Khan next year and continue until 1292 (see 1280).
1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology:
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In the year 1274
Food & agriculture
Soon after his return from the Crusades this year, Edward I of England establishes a garden at the Palace of Westminster, including fruit trees, willows, lilies, and peonies. The influence of Islamic gardens is felt not only from Edward's experiences in the Holy Land, but also from the influence of Moorish traditions on his first queen, Eleanor of Castile (in Spain). See also 1543 Biology.
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This article is about the year 1274.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 12th century – 13th century – 14th century |
| Decades: | 1240s 1250s 1260s – 1270s – 1280s 1290s 1300s |
| Years: | 1271 1272 1273 – 1274 – 1275 1276 1277 |
| 1274 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1274 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1274 MCCLXXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2027 |
| Armenian calendar | 723 ԹՎ ՉԻԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6024 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -570–-569 |
| Bengali calendar | 681 |
| Berber calendar | 2224 |
| English Regnal year | 2 Edw. 1 – 3 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1818 |
| Burmese calendar | 636 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6782–6783 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸酉年十一月廿二日 (3910/3970-11-22) — to —
甲戌年十二月初二日(3911/3971-12-2) |
| Coptic calendar | 990–991 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1266–1267 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5034–5035 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1330–1331 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1196–1197 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4375–4376 |
| Holocene calendar | 11274 |
| Iranian calendar | 652–653 |
| Islamic calendar | 672–673 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1274 MCCLXXIV |
| Korean calendar | 3607 |
| Minguo calendar | 638 before ROC 民前638年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1817 |
 |
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Year 1274 (MCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By area
Africa
- The Marinid amir, Abu Yusuf Yaqub, enters peacefully into Ceuta putting an end to some forty years of independence of the city.[1]
Asia
- November 20 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan (30,000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea); after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun'ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet. Credit for the storm — called a kamikaze, or divine wind — is given by the Japanese to the god Raiden.
- Nichiren, founder of Nichiren Buddhism, enters a voluntary exile on Mount Minobu.
Europe
- May 7 – The Second Council of Lyons, held by the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church convenes to consider the liberation of the Holy Land via Crusades and address the East-West Schism with the Byzantine church. The Council eventually approves a tithe to support efforts to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims, and reaches apparent resolution of the schism which ultimately proves unsuccessful.
- November – The diet at Nuremberg orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor be restored to Rudolph I of Germany; almost all European rulers agree, with the notable exception of King Otakar II of Bohemia, who had benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.
- Pope Gregory X decrees that conclaves (meetings during which the electors have no contact with the outside) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over 3 years to elect him.
- Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla writes Ginnat Egoz (Garden of Nuts).
England
- August 2
- King Edward I of England finally returns from the Ninth Crusade to England to be crowned king, 2 years after his father King Henry III's death.
- His interim chancellor and effective regent, Walter de Merton retires from royal service to make the final revisions to his statutes for the foundation of Merton College, Oxford and take up the post of Bishop of Rochester.
- One of Edward's first acts is to enforce a decree requiring all English Jews to wear yellow badges.
- The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is begun; it lasts until 1275.
Italy
- Bonvesin de la Riva writes the didactic-allegoric poemet Libro de le tre scritture (Negra, Rubra, Aurea), the first text in ancient Western Lombard language (still similar to other Gallo-Italian languages), and one of the first great literary works in Italy. It tells about Hell, Christ's Passion and Paradise; this plot suggests Dante in his Comedia.
- In Florence, the nine-year-old Dante Alighieri first sees the eight-year-old Beatrice.
Births
- February 9 – Saint Louis of Toulouse (d. 1297)
- July 11 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (d. 1329)
- Eric VI of Denmark (d. 1319)
- Adam Murimuth, English ecclesiastic and chronicler (approximate date; d. 1347)
- Marchetto da Padova, Italian music theorist (approximate date)
- Imam Dhahabi
Deaths
- March 7 – Saint Thomas Aquinas, Italian Catholic theologian (b. 1225)
- June 25 – Nasir al-Din Tusi, Persian scientist and writer (b. 1201)
- July 15 – Bonaventure, Italian theologian and saint (b. 1221)
- August 15 – Robert de Sorbon, French theologian and founder of the Sorbonne (b. 1201)
- September 2 – Prince Munetaka, Japanese shogun (b. 1242)
- Henry III of Champagne, Count of Champagne and Brie and King of Navarre
- Aedh mac Felim Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht
References
- ^ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
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Gale World Chronology
People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Mentioned in
Eleanor of Castile
(Queen of England)
Year 1339
(in Science & Technology)
Robert I
(King of Scotland)
Aquinas, Saint Thomas
(Italian Dominican friar)
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