1278
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The Hapsburg family gains sovereignty over Austria to begin a dynasty that will continue until 1918. The Bohemian king Ottakar II (the Great) has renewed his claims to three Swiss and Austrian duchies and begun a march on Vienna, but the new German king Rudolf of Hapsburg defeats Ottakar August 26 at the Battle of Dürnkrut in Marchfeld. Ottakar is killed at age 48 after a 25-year reign in which he has established Bohemia as the most powerful state of the Holy Roman Empire; his 7-year-old son will reign until his death in 1305 as Wenceslas II, initially with his mother, Kunegunda, daughter of the grand duke of Kiev, as regent (see 1290).
Andorra in the Pyrenees becomes an autonomous republic. The French counts of Foix have been contesting possession of the mountain stronghold but agree to let it be independent.
London cracks down on coin-clippers but with unequal punishment: 278 Jews are hanged while Christians convicted of the same crime are merely fined.
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1278
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This article is about the year 1278.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 12th century – 13th century – 14th century |
| Decades: | 1240s 1250s 1260s – 1270s – 1280s 1290s 1300s |
| Years: | 1275 1276 1277 – 1278 – 1279 1280 1281 |
| 1278 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1278 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1278 MCCLXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2031 |
| Armenian calendar | 727 ԹՎ ՉԻԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6028 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -566–-565 |
| Bengali calendar | 685 |
| Berber calendar | 2228 |
| English Regnal year | 6 Edw. 1 – 7 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1822 |
| Burmese calendar | 640 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6786–6787 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁丑年十二月初七日 (3914/3974-12-7) — to —
戊寅年閏十一月十六日(3915/3975-intercalary 11-16) |
| Coptic calendar | 994–995 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1270–1271 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5038–5039 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1334–1335 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1200–1201 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4379–4380 |
| Holocene calendar | 11278 |
| Iranian calendar | 656–657 |
| Islamic calendar | 676–677 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1278 MCCLXXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3611 |
| Minguo calendar | 634 before ROC 民前634年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1821 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1278 |
Year 1278 (MCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By area
Asia
- May 8 – Emperor Duanzong of Song China dies of illness and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who becomes Emperor Huaizong of Song. Meanwhile, armed forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court. A year later at the Battle of Yamen the Song Dynasty will cease to exist, becoming incorporated into the Yuan Dynasty of China.
- The Japanese era Kenji ends, and the Koan era begins.
Europe
- August 26 – Battle of Marchfield: Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.
- September 29 – Peter III of Aragon takes the Muslim stronghold of Montesa putting an end to two years of Mudejar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.[1]
- The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the catalan Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix.
- End of the so-called War of the Cow in what will become Wallonia (it had begun in 1275).
By topic
Arts and culture
- The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
Markets
- Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Catholic Europe.[2]
Religion
- An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.
Births
- Constantine III of Armenia (d. c. 1310)
- Ferdinand of Majorca (d. 1316)
- Philip I of Taranto (d. 1332)
- Thomas, earl of Lancaster (d. 1322)
Deaths
- February 10 – Margaret II, Countess of Flanders (b. 1202)
- May 1 – William II Villehardouin
- May 8 – Emperor Duanzong of China (b. 1268)
- June 30 – Pierre de la Broce, French courtier
- August 26 – King Otakar II of Bohemia
- Al-Nawawi, Distinguished Islamic Scholar (b. 1233)
- Ulrich von Liechtenstein, knight, politician, and minnesinger (b. 1200)
- Nicola Pisano, Italian sculptor
References
- ^ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 120. ISBN 90-04-11244-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&dq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
- ^ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review 15 (3): 506–562.
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