1281
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Kublai Khan sends a second invasion fleet to conquer Japan. 42,000 Mongol troops from Korea arrive in Kyushu in May and are joined in July by 100,000 more from southern China, but the Japanese are saved by the elements as they were in 1274. A typhoon destroys most of the Mongol invasion fleet July 29, more than 2,000 of the invaders are taken prisoner, scarcely one-fifth of the Mongols and Koreans survive, and the Japanese begin calling typhoons kamikaze (divine winds).
The Golden Horde's Khan Mangu Temir dies at Astrakhan.
The late Pope Nicholas III is succeeded February 22 by the French-born Simon Cardinal de Brion (or Brie), who is crowned at Orvieto March 23 and promptly reverses the policy of his predecessor by restoring Charles d'Anjou, king of Sicily, as a Roman senator (but see Sicilian Vespers, 1282). The new pope has been Charles's candidate for the papal throne and will reign until 1285 as Martin IV.
Kublai Khan employs imperial inspectors to examine the crops each year with a view to buying up surpluses for storage against possible famine.
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1281
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In the year 1281
Astronomy
Nihayat al-idrak fi dirayat al-aflak by Qutb al-Din al Shirazi [b. 1236, d. 1311] contains an alternative planetary model to that of Ptolemy, making more use of uniform circular motions. See also 140 ce Astronomy; 1375 Astronomy.
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This article is about the year 1281.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 12th century – 13th century – 14th century |
| Decades: | 1250s 1260s 1270s – 1280s – 1290s 1300s 1310s |
| Years: | 1278 1279 1280 – 1281 – 1282 1283 1284 |
| 1281 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1281 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1281 MCCLXXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2034 |
| Armenian calendar | 730 ԹՎ ՉԼ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6031 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -563–-562 |
| Bengali calendar | 688 |
| Berber calendar | 2231 |
| English Regnal year | 9 Edw. 1 – 10 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1825 |
| Burmese calendar | 643 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6789–6790 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚辰年十二月初九日 (3917/3977-12-9) — to —
辛巳年十一月十九日(3918/3978-11-19) |
| Coptic calendar | 997–998 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1273–1274 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5041–5042 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1337–1338 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1203–1204 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4382–4383 |
| Holocene calendar | 11281 |
| Iranian calendar | 659–660 |
| Islamic calendar | 679–680 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1281 MCCLXXXI |
| Korean calendar | 3614 |
| Minguo calendar | 631 before ROC 民前631年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1824 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1281 |
Year 1281 (MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Asia
- August 12 – Battle of Kōan (Hakata Bay): The second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon – famously called a kamikaze, or divine wind – destroys much of the combined Chinese and Korean fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships.
- Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the Daozang (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.
- The Mon kingdom of Haripunchai falls as its capital Lamphun (in present-day Thailand) is captured by King Mengrai's Lannathai kingdom.
Middle East
- October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan.
- Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Sögüt tribe in central Anatolia; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.
- An offensive by the Byzantine Empire significantly reduces the size of the Kingdom of Albania, as it recaptures land seized from the Despotate of Epirus by Charles I of Sicily 10 years earlier.
Europe
- Pope Martin IV authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.
- July – Niccolò Bonsignori heads a hundred of Ghibelline exiles in a failed attempt to topple the Sienese government.
By topic
Markets
- Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, licenses the first Lombards merchants to open a changing business in his realm.[1]
Religion
- Pope Martin IV succeeds Pope Nicholas III as the 189th pope.
Births
- Richard De Bury, English statesman (d. 1345)
- Castruccio Castracani, duke of Lucca (d. 1328)
- Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Prince of Russia (d. 1325)
- Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (d. 1345)
- Hamdollah Mostowfi, Ilkhanid Iranian historian (d. 1349)
- Rudolph I of Bohemia (d. 1307)
Deaths
References
- ^ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review 15 (3): 506–562.
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Gale World Chronology
People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Mentioned in
Tarpley
(family name)
1283
(chronology)
Martin IV
(d. 1285, pope)
Castruccio Castracani
(Italian duke)
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