1291
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English and Scottish magnates and church leaders assemble in May on opposite sides of the Tweed River to consider the question of succession to the Scottish throne (see 1291). Edward I invites the Scotsmen to join him and 67 armed English magnates for discussions at Norham Abbey. He is recognized June 13 as "superior and direct lord of the kingdom of Scotland," and he proceeds in August at Berwick to choose from among candidates for the throne (see 1292).
Aragon's Alfonso III dies at Barcelona June 18 at age 25 after an unsteady 6-year reign in which he has allowed his noblemen to gain an upper hand; he is succeeded by his brother, who has reigned as king of Sicily since the death of Pedro III 6 years ago and will reign until 1327 as Jaime II of Aragon. The new king appoints his younger brother Federico regent of Sicily, whose crown he will vacate in 1295 (see 1295).
The German Hapsburg king Rudolf I dies at Speyer (Spires) July 15 at age 73 after a reign of nearly 18 years. He has invested his son Albrecht, 41, with Austria but has been unable to obtain Albrecht's election as German king.
Polish lords invite Bohemia's young Premyslid king Wenceslas II to take over the duchy of Kraków (see 1290; 1300).
Switzerland has her beginnings in the League of the Three Forest Cantons formed August 1 by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. The league is for mutual defense, but the cantons do not claim independence from Austria (see 1315; Lucerne, 1332).
Acre falls in the spring to Mameluke forces under the command of the Egytian sultan al-Ashraf Salah ad-din Khalil, who drives the Franks out of Syria by late December, ending Christian rule in the East as enthusiasm for the crusades wanes in Europe (see 1271; Tripoli, 1289). Khalil's ambition will alarm his emirs, who will murder him in 1293.
The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus.
Persia's fourth Mongol il-khan Arghun dies at Baghcha March 10 at age 32 after an orderly and prosperous 7-year reign in which an anti-Islamic Jew (Sad ad-Dawlah) has served as vizier. Arghun is succeeded by his brother Gaykhatu, who begins a 4-year reign in which he will try without success to adopt a system of paper currency based on Chinese money.
Venice moves its glass ovens to the island of Murano to remove the danger of fire. The city establishes draconian penalties for any glassmaker caught jeopardizing the Venetian monopoly in clear glass by taking production secrets abroad.
The Persian poet Sadi dies at his native Shiraz December 9 at age 78 (approximate).
Painting: Mosaics by Pietro Cavallini for the apse of Rome's Santa Maria in Trastevere.
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This article is about the year 1291.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 12th century – 13th century – 14th century |
| Decades: | 1260s 1270s 1280s – 1290s – 1300s 1310s 1320s |
| Years: | 1288 1289 1290 – 1291 – 1292 1293 1294 |
| 1291 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1291 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1291 MCCXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2044 |
| Armenian calendar | 740 ԹՎ ՉԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6041 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -553–-552 |
| Bengali calendar | 698 |
| Berber calendar | 2241 |
| English Regnal year | 19 Edw. 1 – 20 Edw. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1835 |
| Burmese calendar | 653 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6799–6800 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚寅年十一月三十日 (3927/3987-11-30) — to —
辛卯年十二月初十日(3928/3988-12-10) |
| Coptic calendar | 1007–1008 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1283–1284 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5051–5052 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1347–1348 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1213–1214 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4392–4393 |
| Holocene calendar | 11291 |
| Iranian calendar | 669–670 |
| Islamic calendar | 689–691 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1291 MCCXCI |
| Korean calendar | 3624 |
| Minguo calendar | 621 before ROC 民前621年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1834 |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1291 |
Year 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
- Spring – Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India; they never return.
- May 10 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England in mediating resolution of the succession crisis created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland five years earlier.
- August 1 – According to tradition, the Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, the "three forest cantons", at Rütli by the Federal Charter.
- Sancho IV of Castile captures Tarifa from the Moors.
- The Habsburgs acquire the Swiss city of Lucerne.
- Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino via papal bull.
- All glassmakers in Venice are forced to move to the island of Murano in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there.
- Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia as part of a frontier defense system.
- King Andrew III of Hungary gives royal town privileges to Bratislava, the present-day capital of Slovakia.
Asia
- May 18 – Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades, by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).
- The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Dadu in Yuan Dynasty in China by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing.
- Emperor Kameyama of Japan establishes the Zen Buddhist temple of Nanzenji in Kyoto.
By topic
Markets
- Four towns of the county of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the county of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) accept for the first time to collectively secure a loan by their sovereign, Floris V. This system gives important securities to the lenders and allows the ruler to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.[1]
Births
- February 8 – King Afonso IV of Portugal (d. 1357)
- October 31 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (d. 1361)
- Pope Clement VI (d. 1352)
- Theodore I of Montferrat (d. 1338)
- Aimone of Savoy (d. 1343)
Deaths
- March 10 – Arghun, Mongol ruler in Persia
- Sufi Saint Sayyid Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari
- June 18 – King Alfonso III of Aragon (b. 1265)
- June 26 – Eleanor of Provence, queen of Henry III of England
- July 15 – Rudolph I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1218)
- Hong Dagu, Korean military leader (b. 1244)
- Talabuga, khan of the Blue Horde
- Tanḥum Yerushalmi, 13th Century Judeo-Arabic Commentator and leader of Egyptian Jewish Community
References
- ^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2010). "The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)". European Review of Economic History 14 (2).
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Rudolf I
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Meldrum
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Richard de Stow
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Simon the Mason
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