1291

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1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300

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political events
technology
literature
art

political events

English and Scottish magnates and church leaders assemble in May on opposite sides of the Tweed River to consider the question of succession to the Scottish throne (see 1291). Edward I invites the Scotsmen to join him and 67 armed English magnates for discussions at Norham Abbey. He is recognized June 13 as "superior and direct lord of the kingdom of Scotland," and he proceeds in August at Berwick to choose from among candidates for the throne (see 1292).

Aragon's Alfonso III dies at Barcelona June 18 at age 25 after an unsteady 6-year reign in which he has allowed his noblemen to gain an upper hand; he is succeeded by his brother, who has reigned as king of Sicily since the death of Pedro III 6 years ago and will reign until 1327 as Jaime II of Aragon. The new king appoints his younger brother Federico regent of Sicily, whose crown he will vacate in 1295 (see 1295).

The German Hapsburg king Rudolf I dies at Speyer (Spires) July 15 at age 73 after a reign of nearly 18 years. He has invested his son Albrecht, 41, with Austria but has been unable to obtain Albrecht's election as German king.

Polish lords invite Bohemia's young Premyslid king Wenceslas II to take over the duchy of Kraków (see 1290; 1300).

Switzerland has her beginnings in the League of the Three Forest Cantons formed August 1 by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. The league is for mutual defense, but the cantons do not claim independence from Austria (see 1315; Lucerne, 1332).

Acre falls in the spring to Mameluke forces under the command of the Egytian sultan al-Ashraf Salah ad-din Khalil, who drives the Franks out of Syria by late December, ending Christian rule in the East as enthusiasm for the crusades wanes in Europe (see 1271; Tripoli, 1289). Khalil's ambition will alarm his emirs, who will murder him in 1293.

The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus.

Persia's fourth Mongol il-khan Arghun dies at Baghcha March 10 at age 32 after an orderly and prosperous 7-year reign in which an anti-Islamic Jew (Sad ad-Dawlah) has served as vizier. Arghun is succeeded by his brother Gaykhatu, who begins a 4-year reign in which he will try without success to adopt a system of paper currency based on Chinese money.

technology

Venice moves its glass ovens to the island of Murano to remove the danger of fire. The city establishes draconian penalties for any glassmaker caught jeopardizing the Venetian monopoly in clear glass by taking production secrets abroad.

literature

The Persian poet Sadi dies at his native Shiraz December 9 at age 78 (approximate).

art

Painting: Mosaics by Pietro Cavallini for the apse of Rome's Santa Maria in Trastevere.

1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300


Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries: 12th century13th century14th century
Decades: 1260s  1270s  1280s  – 1290s –  1300s  1310s  1320s
Years: 1288 1289 129012911292 1293 1294
1291 by topic
Politics
State leaders – Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
BirthsDeaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
EstablishmentsDisestablishments
Art and literature
1291 in poetry
1291 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1291
MCCXCI
Ab urbe condita 2044
Armenian calendar 740
ԹՎ ՉԽ
Assyrian calendar 6041
Bahá'í calendar -553–-552
Bengali calendar 698
Berber calendar 2241
English Regnal year 19 Edw. 1 – 20 Edw. 1
Buddhist calendar 1835
Burmese calendar 653
Byzantine calendar 6799–6800
Chinese calendar 庚寅年十一月三十日
(3927/3987-11-30)
— to —
辛卯年十二月初十日
(3928/3988-12-10)
Coptic calendar 1007–1008
Ethiopian calendar 1283–1284
Hebrew calendar 5051–5052
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1347–1348
 - Shaka Samvat 1213–1214
 - Kali Yuga 4392–4393
Holocene calendar 11291
Iranian calendar 669–670
Islamic calendar 689–691
Japanese calendar
Julian calendar 1291    MCCXCI
Korean calendar 3624
Minguo calendar 621 before ROC
民前621年
Thai solar calendar 1834


Year 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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References

  1. ^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2010). "The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)". European Review of Economic History 14 (2). 

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Rudolf I (Holy Roman emperor and founder)
Sethos (in archaeology)
Meldrum (family name)
Richard de Stow (architecture)
Simon the Mason (architecture)