1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300
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England's Edward I surrenders Gascony temporarily as a pledge following a Gascon-Norman sea battle. France's Philippe IV confiscates Gascony and summons Edward to his court, and Philippe's treachery precipitates a war.
Florence adopts a constitution (the Ordinances of Justice) that bars both the nobility and laborers from political office and provides for frequent changes of office to prevent any one group or individual from gaining control of the state. The nine priors who constitute the city's Signoria are to be elected for just 2 months each, but while the new system will increase interest in politics and broaden the pool of potential civil servants, it will breed alliances and factional intrigues.
Ferrara's Obizzo d'Este dies after a 29-year reign in which he has annexed the territories of Modena and Reggio; the office of signore has been made hereditary in his reign.
A Chinese naval expedition to Java is forced to return after some initial success (see 1292).
Florence's new Ordinances of Justice exclude from its guilds anyone not actively practicing his profession. The Law of 1282 permitted nobles to participate in government only if they joined a guild, the new ordinance effectively removes the nobility from all share in the city government, and it gives rise to two factions of Guelphs. One faction will favor repeal of the ordinance, the other (adherents will be called Ghibellines) its retention.
Paper manufacturing begins at Fabriano in the Italian province of Ancona (see 1276; 1320; England, 1310).
Painting: Mosaics by Pietro Cavallino for Rome's Santa Cecilia in Trastevere.
A Japanese earthquake at Kamakura May 20 kills an estimated 30,000.
1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300
