1318

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political events

Swedish insurgents drive Birger III Magnusson into exile (see 1306). He has had his rebellious brothers imprisoned and killed but has not been able to suppress the unrest in his country (see 1319). Sweden's royal administrator Matts Kettilmundsson invades the Danish province of Skania in October and defeats Denmark's Erik VI Menved at the township of Mjölkalanga (see 1276). His forces proceed to plunder the cities of Helsingborg, Falsterbo, Skanör, Lund, and Malmö (see 1360).

Scottish forces capture Berwick from the English as Robert I pursues efforts to make England recognize his sovereignty (see 1314; Arbroath, 1320).

Ireland's Edward the Bruce is killed in battle at Faughhart, near Dundalk, in October, 3 years after being proclaimed king. Younger brother of Scotland's Robert I, Edward has failed to conquer the country south of Ulster. The English will strengthen their control by creating three new Anglo-Irish earldoms, making the head of the Leinster Fitzgeralds earl of Kildare, the head of the Munster Fitzgeralds earl of Desmond, and the head of the Butlers (who hold lands around Tipperary) earl of Ormonde, but the Gaels in this century will recover large parts of Ulster, the midlands, Connaught,and Leinster, Irish language and law will flourish, and the Anglo-Irish will in many cases marry Irish women and adopt Gaelic customs (see 1366).

education

A papal decree by John XXII confirms the University of Cambridge as a studium generale with exemption from the spiritual authority of any bishop or archbishop (see 1284). The University of Oxford will never be more than a studium particulare, meaning that its masters may teach only locally whereas those of Cambridge may teach anywhere (see Clare College, 1326).

literature

German poet Heinrich Frauenlob von Meissen dies at age 68. Founder of a meistersinger school at Mainz, von Meissen has been called "Frauenlob," meaning "praise of women"' because he has used the word Frau for woman rather than the word Weib.

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