1327

1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330

political events

England's parliament of Westminster forces the abdication of Edward II at the insistence of his wife, Isabelle, and her lover Roger de Mortimer. They replace the king with his 14-year-old son, who is crowned January 29 and will reign until 1377 as Edward III. Imprisoned at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, the deposed king is mistreated in hopes that he will die of disease and malnutrition, but he is still only 43 and has a strong constitution, so he is put to death September 21 by having a red-hot iron poker shoved up his anus; it is announced that he has died of natural causes. Edward III is betrothed in October to the 13-year-old Philippa of Hainaut, daughter of Wilhelm, graf von Hainaut and Holland, whom he will marry at York in January of next year.

Aragon's Jaime II (El Justo) dies at Barcelona November 3 at age 63 (approximate), after a 32-year reign in which he also ruled Sicily from 1285 to 1295. He is succeeded by his 28-year-old son, who will reign until 1336 as Alfonso IV.

The Byzantine city of Bursa at the end of the Silk Road falls to the Ottoman forces of Orkhan I.

environment

Munich has a great fire that destroys much of the city.

1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330

Materials

A treatise with this date is sometimes identified as the first mention of gunpowder in the West, although Roger Bacon had written of it earlier and there is some written evidence of firearms before this. See also 1292 Materials; 1347 Tools.

China's Grand Canal, 1770 km (1100 mi) long, is completed. Built over many centuries, starting in 70 ce, it connects Beijing to many parts of northern China and to the Yangtze. A major link between the Yangtze and the Huang He (Yellow River) was built by the emperor Yangdi between 605 and 610. See also 610 Transportation.

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