1347
Top
1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350
Contents: political eventscommerce medicine religion education |
England's Edward III assembles a great fleet to support his men in France, relying on merchants and fisherman to supply all but about 30 of the 700 ships that carry fresh troops to continue the siege of Calais that began in September last year. John de Warenne, 8th earl of Surrey and earl of Strathearn, dies childless at Conisbororough,Yorkshire, June 30 at age 59, having opposed the late Edward II's favorite Piers Gaveston but supported the king against the Lords Ordainer. His remaining estates pass to the crown. Edward III increases his siege force to 32,000 men in anticipation of an effort by Philippe IV to relieve Calais, and when Philippe arrives in July he finds the odds so overwhelming that he withdraws and disbands his army. The French port surrenders August 4; Edward expels its French population, repopulates it with English settlers, and makes it a military and commercial outpost that will remain English for 211 years. He celebrates by taking as servants six of the city's leading burghers, whose lives he has spared only at the request of his 33-year-old wife, Philippa of Hainaut (see art [Rodin], 1895).
Rome's dissolute plutocracy is overthrown in a revolt led by papal courtier Cola di Rienzo (Niccolo Gabrini, or Nicola di Lorenzo), 34, who heads a procession to the Capitol dressed in full armor and receives unlimited authority from the assembled multitude. Rome's nobles leave the city or go into hiding, Rienzo takes the title of tribune in late May, begins a government of stern justice in contrast to the license that has prevailed, is encouraged by the poet Petrarch, proclaims the sovereignty of the Roman people over the empire in July, is installed as tribune with great pomp in mid-August, but is obliged to impose heavy taxes in order to maintain his costly regime. Rienzo offends Pope Clement VI by proposing to set up a new Roman Empire based on the will of the people, he is ridiculed for his pretensions, the pope empowers a legate to depose Rienzo and bring him to trial, Rome's barons gather troops, but Louis of Hungary comes to Rienzo's aid, the barons are defeated November 20 outside the city gates, and Rienzo's noblest enemy Stephen Colonna is killed. Denounced by the pope as a criminal, pagan, and heretic, Rienzo devotes himself to feasts and pageants until mid-December, when he panics at some disturbance, abdicates, and flees the city (see 1350).
The Bohemian soldier Charles of Luxembourg is crowned king of Bohemia by the new archbishop of Prague. Now 31, he has persuaded Pope Clement VI to raise the bishopric to an archbishopric and will reign as Charles I until his death in 1378, going on meanwhile to wear even weightier crowns.
Joanna of Naples is married in August to the Neapolitan-born Luigi di Taranto (Louis of Taranto), who has been named count of Provence and becomes king of Naples (see 1345). Hungary's Louis I invades the kingdom of Naples to avenge the murder 2 years ago of his brother András. He occupies the city, and Joanna flees with her new husband, Luigi, to Avignon, where they receive the protection of Pope Clement VI. They will not be able to return on a permanent basis until 1352 (see 1348).
The Holy Roman Emperor Ludwig IV of Bavaria dies on a bear hunt outside Munich October 11 at age 60, his followers elect anti-kings, and a struggle ensues among those who would challenge the right of Bohemia's Charles I to be ruler of Germany (see 1346; Günther, 1349).
The 6-year civil war in the Byzantine Empire ends in victory for John Cantacuzene, who regains Constantinople in February with help from the Ottoman Turks, is crowned in May, and begins an 8-year reign as John VI Cantacuzenus, nominally as co-emperor with his ward, John V Palaeologus. He marries his daughter Helen to his co-emperor and agrees not to reign more than 10 years. Thrace and Macedonia have been ravaged by Serbs and Turks brought in to support the rival factions, and the new reign will be marked by attacks from these outsiders and also from the Genoese (see 1354).
A Bahmani sultanate is founded in India by Muslim noblemen who revolted 2 years ago at Daulatabad against Muhammad ibn Tughluq under the leadership of Hasan Gangu, who will soon move his capital to Gulbarga on the Deccan Plateau. He and his descendants will make war intermittently with Malwa and Gujarat in the north, Orissa and the Reddi kingdoms of Andhra in the east, and Vijayanagar in the south, using artillery and heavy cavalry against the fortified strongholds of Hindu and Muslim rivals.
Florentine banker Andrea Strozzi buys up quantities of grain in the midst of a Tuscan famine and sells it at low prices to the popolo minuto in a bid for their allegiance, but the people see through Strozzi's scheme and refuse to follow him, following instead the cunning suggestions of the Medicis and the Capponi to attack the houses of prominent older bankers such as the Pazzi, Bardi, and Frescobaldi.
The pestilence that will later be called the Black Death reaches Cyprus in late summer (see 1345). A fleet of 12 Genoese galleys lands at Messina, Sicily, in early October, local inhabitants die by the thousands, and by winter the plague has spread north, finding victims weakened and made vulnerable by famine (see 1348).
Joanna of Naples opens a house of prostitution at Avignon in an effort to reduce venereal disease. As queen of both the Sicilies and countess of Provence she "commands that on every Saturday the Women in the House be singly examined by the Abbess and a Surgeon appointed by the Directors, and if any of them has contracted any Illness by their Whoring, that they be separated from the rest, and not suffered to prostitute themselves, for fear the Youth who have to do with them should catch their Distempers."
The Franciscan friar Giovanni de Marignolli leaves China in December after a 6-year visit in which he and his companions have spread the Christian faith (see 1342). Marignolli will return to Avignon in 1353 by way of Hormuz, having visited Mesopotamia, Syria, and Jerusalem en route.
Pembroke College at the University of Cambridge has its beginnings in a license granted by Edward III Christmas Eve to Marie de St. Pol, daughter of Guy de Chatillon and wife of Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke (see Clare, 1326). Originally called Marie Valence Hall, Pembroke will survive into the 21st century (see Gonville and Caius, 1348).
1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology:
Top
In the year 1347
Medicine & health
Italian ships bring rats carrying fleas infected with the Black Death to Europe. Plague spreads to Mediterranean ports and begins to terrorize people all over Europe as they hear of its terrible symptoms and many deaths. The epidemic kills 25,000,000 people, a third of the population, before 1351. During the next 80 years it will recur over and over, at least once in each 8 years, and will kill three-fourths of the population of Europe. See also 1345 Medicine & health; 1348 Medicine & health.
ToolsEnglish soldiers use ten cannon at the siege of Calais. Although there is some evidence of earlier use of cannon, it is not so clear-cut as that for this battle. See also 1326 Tools; 1350 Tools.
Top
This article is about the year 1347.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 13th century – 14th century – 15th century |
| Decades: | 1310s 1320s 1330s – 1340s – 1350s 1360s 1370s |
| Years: | 1344 1345 1346 – 1347 – 1348 1349 1350 |
| 1347 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders - Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births - Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments - Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1347 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1347 MCCCXLVII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2100 |
| Armenian calendar | 796 ԹՎ ՉՂԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6097 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -497–-496 |
| Bengali calendar | 754 |
| Berber calendar | 2297 |
| English Regnal year | 20 Edw. 3 – 21 Edw. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1891 |
| Burmese calendar | 709 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6855–6856 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙戌年十一月二十日 (3983/4043-11-20) — to —
丁亥年十一月廿九日(3984/4044-11-29) |
| Coptic calendar | 1063–1064 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1339–1340 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5107–5108 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1403–1404 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1269–1270 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4448–4449 |
| Holocene calendar | 11347 |
| Iranian calendar | 725–726 |
| Islamic calendar | 747–748 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1347 MCCCXLVII |
| Korean calendar | 3680 |
| Minguo calendar | 565 before ROC 民前565年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1890 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1347 |
Year 1347 (MCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
- February 2 – The Byzantine civil war between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for John V Palaiologos ends with Kantakouzenos entering Constantinople.
- May
- The agreement reorganizing the Byzantine Empire's affairs is finalized as Anna of Savoy's son John V Palaiologos marries Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter Helena.
- Genoese ships fleeing the Black Death plague in Kaffa stop in Constantinople, contaminating the city.
- May 20 – Cola di Rienzo, a Roman commoner, declares himself Emperor of Rome in response to years of baronic power-struggles.
- August 2 – The Islamic Bahmani Kingdom is established on the Indian subcontinent.
- September – In the Hundred Years' War, the English win the city of Calais
- September 1 – The Black Death reaches the French city of Marseilles
- October – Ships arrive in southern Italy with the Black Plague
- November
- Pope Clement VI unites several of Rome's upper-class nobility, who drive Cola di Rienzo out of the city
- King Phillip of France meets with the Estates General to ask for funds to further the war effort against the English
- November 1 – Black Death spreads to Aix-en-Provence in France
- December – Plague hits the island of Majorca
- December 25 – First cases of the plague recorded in the city of Split in Croatia.
- December 27 – to fund the military operations in Corsica, the Republic of Genoa had to borrow at 20% from an association of creditors known as the Compera nuova acquisitionis Corsicæ.[1]
Date unknown
- The Charles University in Prague is founded (this or the next year).
Asia
Western Asia
The Mamluke Empire was hit by the plague in the autumn.[2] Baghdad was hit in the same year.[3]
Central and East Asia
After years of resistance against the Delhi Sultan Muhammud bin Tughluq, the Bahmani Kingdom, a Muslim Sultanate in Deccan, was established on August 3, when King Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah was crowned in a mosque in Daulatabad.[4] Later in the year, the Kingdom's capital was moved from Daulatabad to the more central Gulbarga.[5][6] Southeast Asia suffered a drought which dried up an important river which ran through the capital city of the Kingdom of Ayodhya, forcing the King to move the capital to a new location on the Lop Buri River.[7]
Europe
On 2 February the Byzantine Empire's civil war between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency ended with John VI entering Constantinople. On 8 February, an agreement was concluded with the empress Anna of Savoy, whereby he and John V Palaiologos would rule jointly. The agreement was finalized in May when John V married Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter. The war had come at a high cost economically and territorially, and much of the Empire was in need of rebuilding.[8] To make matters worse, in May Genoese ships fleeing the Black Death in Kaffa stopped in Constantinople. The plague soon spread from their ships to the city.[9] By autumn, the epidemic had spread throughout the Balkans, possibly through contact with Venetian ports along the Adriatic Sea.[10] Specific cases were recorded in the northern Balkans on 25 December, in the city of Split.[11]
Jews were first accused of ritual murders in Poland in 1347.[12] Casimir III of Poland issues Poland's first codified collection of laws after the diet of Wiślica. Separate laws are codified for greater and lesser Poland.[13][14]
Central
On 20 May Cola di Rienzo, a Roman commoner, declared himself Emperor of Rome in front of a huge crowd in response to what had been several years of power struggles among the upper-class barony. Pope Clement VI, along with several of Rome's upper-class nobility, united to drive him out of the city in November.[15] In October, Genoese ships arrived in southern Italy with the Black Plague, beginning the spread of the disease in the region.[9][16]
Western Europe
In the continuing Hundred Years' War, the English won the city of Calais in a treaty signed in September. In a meeting with the Estates General in November, the French King Phillip was told that in the recent war efforts they had "lost all and gained nothing."[17] Phillip, however, was granted a portion of the money he requested and was able to continue his war effort.[18] The English King Edward offered Calais a package of economic boosts which would make Calais the key city connecting England with France economically.[19] Edward returned to England at that height of his popularity and power and for six months celebrated his successes with others in the English nobility. Although the Kingdom's funds were largely pushed towards the war, building projects among the more wealthy continued, with, for example, the completion of Pembroke College in this year.[18]
The French city of Marseilles recognized the plague on 1 September and by 1 November it had spread to Aix-en-Provence. The earliest recorded invasion of the plague into Spanish territory was in Majorca in December 1347, probably through commercial ships.[11] 3 years of Plague began in England.[20]
Births
- February 6 – Dorothea of Montau, German hermitess and visionary (d. 1394)
- February 27 – Alberto d'Este, Lord of Ferrara and Modena (d. 1393)
- March 25 – Catherine of Siena, Italian saint (d. 1380)
- July 28 – Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (d. 1412)
- August 29 – John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, medieval English nobleman and soldier (d. 1375)
- date unknown
- Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia (d. 1404)
- Elizabeth of Pomerania, fourth and final wife of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1393)
- Frederick III, Duke of Austria, second son of Duke Albert II of Austria (d. 1362)
- Emperor Go-Kameyama, 99th Emperor of Japan (d. 1424)
- Richardis of Schwerin, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1377)
Deaths
- February 2 – Thomas Bek, Bishop of Lincoln, was the bishop of Lincoln (b. 1282)
- May 30 – John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth, English peer (b. 1290)
- June – John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, English nobleman (b. 1286)
- June 11 – Bartholomew of San Concordio, Italian Dominican canonist and man of letters (b. 1260)
- September 7 – Margaret de Audley, daughter of Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester (b. 1318)
- October 11 – Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1282)
- November – Richard de Pilmuir, bishop of Dunkeld
- November 12 – John of Viktring, Austrian chronicler and political advisor in Carinthia (b. 1270–1280)
- November 15 – James I of Urgell, Prince of Aragon (b. 1321)
- date unknown
- Hazrat Shah Jalal, sufi saint of Bengal (b. 1271)
- William of Ockham, English Philosopher (b. 1288)
- Blanca de La Cerda y Lara, Spanish nobelwoman (b. 1317)
- John de Egglescliffe, English bishop
- Adam Murimuth, English ecclesiastic and chronicler (b. 1274)
- Peter III of Arborea, Judge of Arborea
- Lamberto II and Pandolfo da Polenta, brothers and lords of Ravenna and Cervia
- Kokan Shiren, Japanese Rinzai Zen patriarch and celebrated Chinese poet (b. 1278)
References
- ^ Canale, Michele Giuseppe (1864). Nuova Istoria della repubblica di Genova. Epoca quarta (1339-1528): I dogi popolari. Florence: Felice Le Monnier. pp. 151. http://books.google.nl/books?id=W_MNAQAAIAAJ&dq=giovanni+valente+1353+genova&lr=&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
- ^ Watts, Sheldon. Epidemics and History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-300-08087-5 pp. 25–26
- ^ Miller, Edward. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Cambridge: U.P, 1987. ISBN 0-521-08709-0 pp. 461
- ^ History of Bahmani Dynasty
- ^ ISBN 0-7614-7635-0 pp. 335
- ^ Britannica, Encyclopedia et.al. Students' Britannica India. New Delhi: Encyclopaedia Britannica (India), 2000. ISBN 0-85229-760-2 pp. 149
- ^ Van Beek, Steve and Luca Invernizzi. The Arts of Thailand. Berkeley: Periplus Editions, 1999. ISBN 962-593-262-3 pp. 139
- ^ Mango, Cyril. The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-814098-3 pp. 267
- ^ a b Benedictow, Ole and Ole Benedictow. The Black Death, 1346-1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 0-85115-943-5 pp. 51–54
- ^ Benedictow, Ole and Ole Benedictow. The Black Death, 1346-1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 0-85115-943-5 pp. 74
- ^ a b Benedictow, Ole and Ole Benedictow. The Black Death, 1346-1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 0-85115-943-5 pp. 75
- ^ Weinryb, Bernard. The Jews of Poland. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973. ISBN 0-8276-0016-X pp. 27
- ^ Fisher, HH. America and the New Poland. City: Fisher Press, 2007. ISBN 1-4067-5084-0 pp. xv
- ^ Morfill, William. Poland. London: T. F. Unwin, 1893. ISBN 0-8369-9919-3 pp. 42
- ^ Garwood, Duncan. Lonely Planet Rome: City Guides. Hawthorn: Lonely Planet Publications, 2006. ISBN 1-74059-710-9 pp. 70
- ^ Corporation, Marshall. Exploring the Middle Ages. New York (Box 410: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2006. ISBN 0-7614-7615-6 pp. 99
- ^ Fraioli, Deborah. Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years War. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2005. ISBN 0-313-32458-1 pp. 106
- ^ a b Neillands, Robin. The Hundred Years War. New York: Routledge, 1990. ISBN 0-415-07149-6 pp. 109–110
- ^ Corfis, Ivy and Michael Wolfe. The Medieval City under Siege. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 1999. ISBN 0-85115-756-4 pp. 55
- ^ Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:
Copyrights:
Gale World Chronology
People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
Read more
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
Mentioned in
Catherine of Siena, Saint
(Italian religious leader)
Calais
(city of northern France)
Exmouth
(city, England)
Andrea Pisano
(architecture)
» More