1391
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1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400
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The Byzantine emperor John V Palaeologus dies at Constantinople February 16 at age 59 and is succeeded by his able son of 41, who will reign until 1425 as Manuel II Palaeologus. His rebellious son Andronicus, who usurped the throne in 1376 and held power until 1379, has predeceased the emperor.
Tamerlane pursues the Tatar khan Toqtamish and his Golden Horde into the Russian steppe, defeats him, and forces him to abdicate his throne (see 1380; 1393).
Gaston III, comte de Foix, dies in August at age 60 (approximate), having imprisoned his late son and namesake on suspicion of conspiring to poison him and letting the young man die in confinement.
Alleged "witch" Jehenna de Brigue tells a Parisian judge that her aunt has taught her to summon the devil (see 1390). She is sentenced to be burned, but the execution is delayed when she appears to be pregnant. It is then discovered that she is not pregnant, she appeals her case, a new hearing is held, Jehenna is stripped and tortured, and she changes her story, claiming that her neighbor Jean de Ruilly's wife, Macette, hired her to bewitch and poison her husband so that she could run off with another man. Macette is arrested, confesses after torture on the rack, and is sent along with Jehenna to "the Châtelet aux Halles [to be] mitred as sorcerers, put in the pillory; then led to the Pig Market to be burned alive."
Seville has a massacre of Jews in June that spreads throughout Andalusia as Spaniards seek scapegoats for the Black Death and demand that Jews convert to Christianity or be killed. Castilian sailors set fire to the Barcelona ghetto August 5 and for 4 days a mob rages out of control, killing hundreds. Roughly 100,000 people are killed in the rioting; about 100,000 more save themselves by accepting conversion. Many Spanish Jews will seek conversion in the next few years (see 1492).
1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology:
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In the year 1391
Materials
A paper mill is established in Nuremberg (Germany). See also 1355 Materials; 1494 Materials.
ToolsA Treatise on the Astrolabe by Geoffrey Chaucer [b. c. 1342/43, d. London, October 25, 1400] shows how to construct such a device and how to use an astrolabe to compute the elevation of a star. See also 1490 Tools.
TransportationA 24-km (15-mi) canal is constructed from Lake Môlln to the river Delvenau (Germany). The canal enables traffic to pass from the Baltic up the river Stecknitz, through Lake Môlln, along the canal, down the river Delvenau to the river Elbe and on to the North Sea. Along the way a boat would go over a dozen stanches on the rivers and pass through two locks on the canal. See also 1387 Transportation; 1395 Transportation.
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This article is about the year 1391.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 13th century – 14th century – 15th century |
| Decades: | 1360s 1370s 1380s – 1390s – 1400s 1410s 1420s |
| Years: | 1388 1389 1390 – 1391 – 1392 1393 1394 |
| 1391 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders - Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births - Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments - Disestablishments | |
| Art and literature | |
| 1391 in poetry | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1391 MCCCXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2144 |
| Armenian calendar | 840 ԹՎ ՊԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6141 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -453–-452 |
| Bengali calendar | 798 |
| Berber calendar | 2341 |
| English Regnal year | 14 Ric. 2 – 15 Ric. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1935 |
| Burmese calendar | 753 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6899–6900 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚午年十一月廿六日 (4027/4087-11-26) — to —
辛未年十二月初六日(4028/4088-12-6) |
| Coptic calendar | 1107–1108 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1383–1384 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5151–5152 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1447–1448 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1313–1314 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4492–4493 |
| Holocene calendar | 11391 |
| Iranian calendar | 769–770 |
| Islamic calendar | 793–794 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1391 MCCCXCI |
| Korean calendar | 3724 |
| Minguo calendar | 521 before ROC 民前521年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1934 |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1391 |
Year 1391 (MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
- June 6 – Anti-Jewish riots erupt in Seville, Spain. Many thousands of Jews are massacred and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal.
- July 18 – Tokhtamysh-Timur War: Battle of the Kondurcha River – Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present day southeast Russia.
- August 5 – Anti-Jewish riots spread to Toledo, Spain and Barcelona. Many Jews leave Barcelona after the following massacres, though a large number remain in the city.
Date unknown
- Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine Emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.
- Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
- Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I as King of Bosnia.
- Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid occupied Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia.
- A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat in western India.
- Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forms an alliance with Muscovy.
- Roman I succeeds Petru I as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and eastern Romania).
- Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
- Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
- Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
- The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their emperors.
- Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
- The University of Ferrara is founded in present-day Italy.
- Ming government orders 50 million trees planted in Nanjing area.
Births
- October 31 – King Edward of Portugal (d. 1438)
- November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
- Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)
- Michelozzo, Italian architect and sculptor (d. 1472)
- Zhu Quan, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (d. 1448)
- Thomas West, 2nd Baron West (d. 1415)
Deaths
- February 16 – John V Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1332)
- Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada
- King Stephen Tvrtko I of Bosnia
- November 1 – Amadeus VII of Savoy (b. 1360)
- Nicholas Cabasilas, Byzantine mystic and theological writer
- Gaston III of Foix-Béarn – Count of Foix, co-prince of Andorra
References
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People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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