1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410
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Scotland's Robert III suspects complicity by the country's de facto ruler Robert Stuart, now 66, duke of Albany, in the mysterious death of the king's elder son David in 1402; he sends his 11-year-old son James to France for safety, English sailors capture James, news of the capture reaches the king, and he dies at Rothesay, Bute, April 4 at age 65. James I will remain in English hands until 1424.
England's French territories come under attack from Louis, duc d'Orléans, who has married Valentina Visconti of Milan.
Florence conquers (or buys) Pisa to gain direct access to the sea and becomes a maritime power for the first time.
Florentine chancellor and humanist (Lino) Coluccio (di Piero) Salutati dies at Forence May 4 at age 75, leaving a large library of ancient Latin and medieval writings to San Marco's.
Canary Island king Jean de Béthencourt entrusts his realm to his nephew Maciot de Béthencourt and returns to France, where he will live until his death at Grainville in 1422 (see 1404; Portugal, 1425).
Castile's Enrique III (el Doliente, the Sufferer) dies at Toledo on Christmas Day at age 27 after a despotic 16-year reign in which he has resolved rivalries between descendants of Pedro the Cruel and Enrique II Trastámara by marrying the granddaughter of Pedro. He is succeeded by his infant son, who will reign until 1454 as Juan II.
London names Richard Whittington lord mayor again, and he loans money to Henry IV as he previously loaned money to Richard II (see 1397). Whittington will be the subject of a Mother Goose rhyme (see Contes de ma mère l'oie, 1697).
Pope Innocent VII returns to Rome in March and dies there November 6 after a 2-year reign in which Ladislas of Naples has invaded the Papal States. He is succeeded by the Venetian Angelo Cardinal Correr, 81, who will reign until 1415 as Gregory XII (but see 1409).
Nonfiction: The Book of the City of the Ladies by Christine de Pisan attempts to record the history of women, based largely on what she has read in Scripture, and gives a lively defense of women against misogynists who would relegate them to inferior positions (some will call her work the first true feminist treatise).
Tunis-born Arab historian (Wali al-Din abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr Muhammed iban al-Hasan) Ibn Khaldun dies at Cairo March 17 at age 73, having written works that include a masterful Introduction to History (Muqaddimah).
Hanseatic fishermen catch 96 English fishermen fishing off Bergen (see 1403). They bind the Englishmen hand and foot and throw them overboard to drown.
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