1425

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political events

Edmund de Mortimer, 5th earl of March and 3rd earl of Ulster, dies of plague in Ulster January 19 at age 33, ending the male line of Mortimers.

Agents of Scotland's James I seize the regent Murdac (or Murdoch) Stuart, duke of Albany (see 1420). Tried on charges that will go unrecorded, Murdac is found guilty, forced to forfeit all his peerages, and put to death at Castle Hill May 25 at age 62.

Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, goes over to the English in Burgundy, deserting the cause of his wife, Jacoba of Bavaria, in her efforts to regain Hainaut (see 1424). She falls into the hands of Burgundy's Philippe le Bon, who interns her at Ghent and gains possession of Holland and Zeeland. Jacoba escapes confinement and will devote the next 3 years to contesting Philippe's claim to the counties (see 1428).

The grand prince of Muscovy Basil (Vasily Dmitriyevich) I dies at Moscow in February at age 53 after a 36-year reign in which he has tried to deal with the superior power of the Tatars and the Golden Horde. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old son, who will overcome challenges by his uncle Yuri and two cousins (Vasily the Squint-Eyed and Dmitri Shemyaka) and reign (with two interruptions) until 1462 as Basil (Vasily Vasilyevich) II (see 1446).

Yolande of Anjou writes a letter to the people of Lyons June 28, advising them that the council will "take the necessary steps towards the relief of the kingdom and the union of the princes of the blood, to carry out justice, and put an end to all plunder and pillage."

The Canary Islands fall to Portugal's Henry the Navigator (Henrique o Navegador), who wrests them from Castile (see 1404; 1479; Henry, 1421).

The former Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus dies in a monastery July 21 at age 75 (approximate). He has recently been forced to pay tribute to the Ottoman sultan Murad II and abdicated after a 34-year reign; Manuel's son, now 35, will reign until 1448 as John VII Palaeologus.

literature

Poetry: La Belle Dame sans Merci by French writer-diplomat Alain Chartier, 40.

art

Sculpture: Habbakuk (Zuccone) by Donatello in gilt bronze for the campanile of the Florence cathedral.

agriculture

Agents of Prince Henry the Navigator (Henrique o Navegedor) establish a Portuguese colony in Madeira and expand the sugar plantations there (see 1418; 1432; wine, 1420).

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