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France's Charles VII recovers Paris from the English as Scottish forces defeat the English near Berwick (see Charles, 1435). Agnès Sorel helps arrange the marriage of France's dauphin Louis, now 13, to Margaret, 12-year-old daughter of Scotland's James I. The wedding in the cathedral of St. Gétienne at Tours is attended by more splendor than has been seen in France since the last century, when Charles's mother, Isabelle of Bavaria, arrived as a bride. Agnès is not present because she is expecting another child; the queen, also pregnant, gives birth soon afterward to a prince and becomes godmother to Agnès Sorel's second daughter, who is named Marie in the queen's honor. But the dauphin resents his father's attention to Agnès and will always be hostile to her (see 1437). The king gives Margaret 2,000 livres to buy silks and furs but gives nothing to his son.
Sweden's Engelbrecht Engelbrechtsen invades the Danish provinces of Skania as he did 2 years ago, devastating Brömshus and other towns before being driven off by peasant levies raised at Bleckinge (see 1452).
Jacoba of Bavaria dies childless at Teilingen, outside Leyden, October 9 at age 35, having been disinherited.
The Compact of Iglau ends the Hussite wars as all parties agree to accept the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund as king of Bohemia (see 1434).
Venice goes to war with the marchese of Mantua; Pietro Loredan leads the Venetian forces and will be elected generalissimo next year (see 1438).
Parliament passes England's second Corn Law (see 1361), giving preferential treatment to trade with Scotland and Ireland (but subject to duty or bounty), permitting the export of wheat and barley from England and Wales without a state license when prices fall below certain levels because of surpluses and even offering bounties or subsidies to encourage exports, but imposing duties on imports to protect domestic prices (see 1463).
Ferrara's Niccolo d'Este III engages Verona-born humanist and classical scholar Guarino da Verona, 65 (approximate), as tutor to his son Leonello. After studying under Manuel Chrysoloras at Constantinople, Guarino returned to Italy with a collection of Greek manuscripts, taught Greek at Florence in 1402, and moved to Venice in 1415. With Este family patronage, he will continue to prepare new editions of Latin authors, translating works by Plutarch and Strabo.
Della Pittura by Genoese-born architect and Humanist scholar Leon Battista Alberti, 32, is the first literary formulation of the aesthetic and scientific theories embodied in Renaissance paintings.
Sculpture: Jeremiah by Donatello at Florence.
Florence's Duomo (Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore) is completed after 140 years of construction with the installation of a 350-foot-high dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, now 59, who has adapted ideas by the 13th-century sculptor Arnolfo di Cambio. The huge dome contains 37,000 metric tons of material, and Florentines have had their doubts that it would hold together.
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