1500s

This is a list of events occurring in the 1500s, ordered by year.

1500

January–June

• January 5 – Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French.
• February 17 – Battle of Hemmingstedt: The Danish army fails to conquer the peasants' republic of Dithmarschen.
• April 22 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal. He has 13 vessels with him.

July–December

• July 14 – the Muscovites defeat the Lithuanians and the Poles in the Battle of Vedrosha.
• August – Second Battle of Lepanto: The Turkish fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians. The Turks proceed to capture Modon and Coron, the "two eyes of the Republic."
• August 10 – Diogo Dias discovers an island which he names St Lawrence (after the saint's day on which it was first sighted), later to be known as Madagascar
• November 11 – Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.
• November 16 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara accedes to the throne of Japan.
• December 31 – The last of the incunabula are published.

Date unknown

• Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million (Spielvogel).
• Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa is admitted to baccalaureate.
• Saxony's mint at Annaberg begins producing guldengroschens.

1501

January–June

• January 17 – Cesare Borgia returns triumphantly to Rome from Romagna.
• March 25 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova probably discovers Ascension Island.^[1] It is definitely sighted and named on May 20 1503 (Feast of the Ascension) by Afonso de Albuquerque.^[2]

July–December

• July – Ismail I is enthroned as Shah of Azerbaijan, choosing Tabriz as his capital, founding the Safavid dynasty in northern Iran. He declares Shi'ism the official and compulsory religion under penalty of death.
• July 21 – Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral returns to Lisbon from his expedition to Calicut (Nicolau Coelho having arrived on June 23).
• July 27 – Copernicus is formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral.
• October 13 – Treaty of Trente: Maximilian of Austria and Louis XII of France sign the treaty, with Austria recognizing all French conquests in the northern territories of Italy.
• October 30 – The Banquet of Chestnuts is held by Cesare Borgia in the Papal Palace of Rome.
• November 1 (All Saints) – Amerigo Vespucci discovers and names Baía de Todos os Santos in Brazil.
• November 4 – Philip and Joanna of Castile leave for Spain.
• November 14 – Arthur, Prince of Wales, marries the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon.
• December 12 – Alexander Jagiellon becomes King of Poland.

Date unknown

• The Swiss cantons of Basel and Schaffhausen secede from the Holy Roman Empire and join the Old Swiss Confederacy.
• Amerigo Vespucci maps the two stars Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, as well as the stars of the constellation Crux, which are below the horizon in Europe.
• Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue David.
• Czar Ivan III of Russia invades Lithuania.
• Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt.
• Gaspar Corte-Real, Portuguese navigator, makes the first documented European landing in North America since c. 1000 A.D.
• Rodrigo de Bastidas, sailing westward from Venezuela in search of gold, becomes the first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama.
• The Florentine political theorist, statesman, and writer Niccolò Machiavelli marries Marietta Corsini, who will bear him six children.

1502

January–June

• January 1 – Portuguese explorers, led by Pedro Álvares Cabral, sail into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, mistaking it for the mouth of a river, which they name Rio de Janeiro.
• May 11 – Christopher Columbus leaves Cadiz, Spain for his fourth and final trip to the 'New World'. He explores Central America, and discovers St. Lucia (possibly),^[3] the Isthmus of Panama, Honduras, and Costa Rica.
• May 21 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova discovers the uninhabited island of Saint Helena.

July–December

• August 14 – Christopher Columbus lands at Trujillo and names the country 'Honduras'.
• September 18 – Christopher Columbus lands at Costa Rica.
• November 7 – Columbus reaches the coast of Honduras and passes south to Panama.
• December 26 – Cesare Borgia kills Ramiro D'Orco; this incident is referenced in Machiavelli's The Prince
• December 31 – Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) occupies Urbino, where he imprisons two potentially treacherous allies, Vitellozzo and Oliveretto; he executes them the next morning.

Date unknown

• The first African slaves brought to the New World arrive at the island of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).
• Ivan III of Russia and Meñli I Giray of Crimea attack the Grand Duchy of Lithuania without much success.
• Meñli I Giray of Crimea destroys Saray, capital of the Big Horde.
• Aztec ruler Auitzotl dies; Moctezuma II is elected emperor.
• 'Newfoundland' gets its name from a letter.
• Wittenberg University is founded.
• In Germany, Peter Henlein of Nuremberg uses iron parts and coiled springs to build a portable timepiece.
• In Italy, Asher Lämmlein declares that the Jewish Messiah will arrive in the next 6 months, resulting in the 'year of penance.'
• Ismail I starts to rule.
• The King's School in Macclesfield is founded by Sir John Percyvale.
• Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa is proceeded to licentiate.
• Wilhelm Bombast moves to Villach with his son, Paracelsus.
• An Italian translation of Herodotus' Histories done for Count Matteo Maria Boiardo is published in Venice.

1503

January–June

• January 20 – Seville in Castile is awarded exclusive right to trade with the New World.
• January 24 – Construction of Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey begins in the perpendicular style, the final stage of English gothic art.^[4]
• February 13 – Disfida di Barletta: Thirteen Italian knights defeat thirteen French knights near Barletta.
• February 23 – French-Spanish Wars in Italy – Battle of Ruvo: The Spanish defeat the French.
• April 21 – Battle of Cerignola: Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeat the French under the Duc de Nemours, who is killed (considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms).
• May 10 – Christopher Columbus discovers the Cayman Islands, which he names Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles there.
• May 13 – Naples is captured by the Spanish.
• May 20 (Feast of the Ascension) – Ascension Island is first definitely sighted, by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque.^[5]
• May 28
  • James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor are married by Pope Alexander VI according to Papal Bull.
  • The Treaty of Everlasting Peace between Scotland and England is signed; it actually lasts for ten years.

July–December

• July 23 – Orbital calculations suggest that on this day, Pluto moves outside Neptune's orbit, remaining there for 233 years.
• July 30 – Saint Helena is first definitely sighted, by ships of Portuguese navigator Estêvão da Gama returning from the East.^[6][7][8]
• August 8 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Scotland.
• August 20 – Stephen III of Moldavia concludes a treaty with Sultan Beyazid II preserving Moldavia's self-rule at the cost of an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire.
• September 22 – Pope Pius III (Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini) succeeds Alexander VI as the 215th pope, but dies on October 18.
• October 30 – Queen Isabella I of Spain prohibits violence against native tribes.
• October 31 – Pope Julius II succeeds Pius III as the 216th pope (some sources list November 1 as the date of election).
• December 29 – Battle of Garigliano, near Gaeta, Italy: Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeat a French–Italian mercenary army under Ludovico II, the Marquis of Saluzzo. The French forces withdraw to Gaeta.

Date unknown

• Vasco da Gama establishes India's first Portuguese fortress at Cochin.
• Canterbury Cathedral is finished in England after 433 years of construction.
• Mariotto Albertinelli paints his masterpiece, The Visitation of the Virgin.
• Hieronymus Bosch works on the triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights.
• Leonardo da Vinci starts work on the Mona Lisa.
• The book The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis is re-published in an English translation.
• The pocket handkerchief comes into general use in polite European society.
• From this year until 1650, sixteen million kilograms of silver and 185,000 kilograms of gold will enter the port of Seville.

1504

January–June

• January 1 – French troops of King Louis XII surrender Gaeta to the Spanish under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.
• January 31 – Treaty of Lyon: France cedes Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon who becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.
• February 29 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse this night to convince Jamaican tribesmen to provide him with supplies.
• March 31 – France and Spain agree to a ceasefire.
• April 1 – English guilds subject to state control.
• April 23 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, routes troops to Bavaria.

July–December

• September 8 – Michelangelo's sculpture of David is erected in Florence.
• September 22 – A settled engagement is arranged between Karel of Luxembourg and Claudia the Beaujeu.
• September 22 – Treaty of Blois: Philip I of Castile, Maximilian I and Louis XII agree terms.
• October 12 – Isabella I of Castile signs her testament.
• November 7 – Christopher Columbus returns to Spain from his fourth voyage, where he and his younger son, Ferdinand, explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.
• November 26 – Isabella I of Castile, Catholic Queen of Castile and Aragon, dies, ending her patronage for Columbus. The Crown of Castile passes to her daughter Joanna.

Date unknown

• Baber besieges and captures Kabul.
• History of Sudan: A Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founds the Sultanate of Sennar.
• Sheikh Ahmad, final leader of the Great Horde, is last heard of as a Lithuanian prisoner at Vilnius.
• Juan de la Cosa begins his first independent voyage, to the Isthmus of Panama.
• In Florence, Leonardo da Vinci and Machiavelli become involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River, cutting the water supply to Pisa to force its surrender: Colombino, the project foreman, fails to follow da Vinci’s design, and the project is a major failure.
• Venetian ambassadors suggest to Turkey the construction of a Suez Canal.
• Aldus Manutius publishes his edition of Demosthenes in Venice.
• Matthias Grünewald paints a Crucifixion.
• The Signoria of Florence commissions both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls of the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio.
• Raphael paints The Marriage of the Virgin, which exemplifies some major principles of High Renaissance art.

1505

January–June

• June 19 Zhengde Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty.
• June 27 – Henry VIII of England repudiates his engagement to Catherine of Aragon, at his father's command.

July–December

• July 2 – Martin Luther, then 22, vows to become a monk in a moment of terror, due to a near lightning strike during a thunderstorm, near the village of Stotternheim.
• July 17 – Luther enters the monastic life at an Augustinian cloister in Erfurt.
• July 24 – Travelling to India, a group of Portuguese explorers sack the city-state of Kilwa in East Africa, killing the king for failing to pay tribute.
• December 18 – John IX van Horne, prince-bishop of Lièges, Belgium, is executed.

Date unknown

• A Portuguese fleet attacks Kilwa and then Mombasa. The Portuguese then attempt to monopolize the trade in the east African ports, but are unable to maintain control (by the late 16th century, Swahili groups regain control of several ports from the Portuguese).
• Portuguese merchants establish factories on the east coast of Africa.
• Portuguese under Dom Lourenço d'Almeida reach Colombo, Sri Lanka and send envoys to King of Kotte.
• Portuguese reach the Comoros.
• Bermuda is discovered by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez.
• King Alexander of Poland signs the Nihil novi Act, making Poland a Nobles' Democracy.
• Poland prohibits peasants from leaving their lands, establishing serfdom.
• Christ's College, Cambridge, is founded.
• Vasili III succeeds Ivan III as Grand Prince of Muscovy.
• Idiosa III of Chardonnay is murdered.
• Judah Abravanel becomes personal physician to the viceroy of Naples.
• Battle of Achnashellach said to have taken place in Scotland.
• 1505 or 1506 - Portuguese explorer Gonçalo Álvares is the first to sight what will later be known as Gough Island in the South Atlantic.

1506

January–June

• January 22 – The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.
• April 18 – Pope Julius II lays the foundation stone of the new (current) St. Peter's Basilica, replacing the Old Saint Peter's Basilica.

July–December

• August 6 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Crimean Khanate in the Battle of Kletsk
• August 19 – Sigismund I the Old succeeds his brother as King of Poland.

Date unknown

• The Portuguese mariner Tristão da Cunha sights the islands of Tristan da Cunha, naming them after himself.
• In Ming Dynasty China, the costs of the courier system are met by a tax in silver on land instead of corvée labor service.
• Pope Julius II personally leads troops against the French invaders of Italy.
• Duarte Barbosa returns to Lisbon.
• Johannes Trithemius becomes abbot of the monastery of St. Jacob at Würzburg.

1507

January–June

• April 25 – Martin Waldseemüller publishes his world map, naming the new continent America in honour of Amerigo Vespucci, his friend and idol.

July–December

• July 4 – Martin Luther is ordained a priest of the Catholic Church
• August 20 – Guru Nanak Dev becomes the first guru and leader of the Sikh religion.

Date unknown

• King James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in Scotland to Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar.
• The King of England prosecutes the Lords for keeping a private army, which might threaten his régime.
• Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa.
• Cardinal Cisneros is appointed major inquisitor of Castile.
• Timurid dynasty ends.
• The Portuguese occupy Mozambique and the islands of Socotra and Lamu.
• The Aztec New Fire ceremony is held for the last time (according to Bernardino de Sahagún).
• Raphael paints his Burial of Jesus.

1508

January–June

• February – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice.
• June 6 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a 3-year truce and cede several territories to Venice.

July–December

• August – Lebna Dengel succeeds his father Na'od as Emperor of Ethiopia. Due to his young age, his grandmother Eleni acts as regent.
• December – Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
• December 10 – The League of Cambrai is formed as an alliance against Venice between Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon.

1509

January–June

• February 2 – Battle of Diu: The Portuguese defeat a coalition of Indians, Muslims and Italians.
• April 21 – Henry VIII becomes King of England (for 38 years) on the death of his father, Henry VII.
• April 27 – Pope Julius II places Venice under interdict and excommunication for refusing to cede part of Romagna to papal control.
• May 14 – Battle of Agnadello: French forces defeat the Venetians.
• June 11
  • Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon.
  • Luca Pacioli's De divina proportione, concerning the golden ratio, is published in Venice, with illustrations by Leonardo da Vinci.
• June 19 – Brasenose College, University of Oxford, is founded by a lawyer, Sir Richard Sutton, of Prestbury, Cheshire, and the Bishop of Lincoln, William Smyth.
• June 24 – King Henry VIII of England and Queen Consort Catherine of Aragon are crowned.

July–December

• September 10 – Istanbul earthquake destroys 109 mosques and kills an estimated 10,000 people.
• September 11 – Portuguese fidalgo Diogo Lopes de Sequeira becomes the first European to reach Malacca, having crossed the Gulf of Bengal.

Date unknown

• Erasmus writes his most famous work, In Praise of Folly.
• The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy is founded.
• Royal Grammar School, Guildford, is founded by Robert Beckingham.
• St Paul's School is founded by John Colet, Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral, London.
• Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn, is founded as a grammar school for boys.
• Afonso de Albuquerque becomes the governor of the portuguese settlements in India.
• Earliest known pocket watch made at Nuremberg, Germany by Peter Henlein.

Significant people

Births

Deaths

References