1512
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Forces of the Holy League that was renewed last year by Julius II meet with defeat in an Easter battle at Ravenna. French troops under the command of Gaston de Foix have taken Brescia by storm with help from the 39-year-old knight Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard (known as chevalier sans peur et sans reproche), who uses espionage and reconnaisance to obtain information about the enemy's plans and position. While other knights seek to enrich themselves with plunder, Bayard remains aloof from such concerns and has gained a reputation for heroism and generosity, but a coalition of Swiss, papal, and imperial forces drive the French and their 5,000 German mercenaries out of Milan in May, returning the Sforzas to power in the duchy (see 1500; 1536).
The Swiss take Locarno, Lugano, and Ossola as their reward for helping to drive the French out of Milan.
Pope Julius II strips Ferrara of Reggio and excommunicates Alfonso I d'Este for opposing him (see 1510; 1523). The pope demands that Florence oust its gonfalonier Piero di Tommaso Soderini and other leaders, permit the exiled Medici family to return, and enter the Holy League. A Spanish army forces the Florentines to submit, sacking Prato; Soderini is deposed and driven into exile (he takes refuge at Ragusa in Dalmatia), and Giuliano de' Medici, 33, returns with his family in September. Younger brother of the late Piero, he uses harsh measures to suppress a conspiracy against the Medicis (see religion, 1513).
Spanish troops conquer Navarre, annexing it to Castile and León.
An English naval force attacks the French fleet at Brest August 10; cannonballs from the heavy guns of Henry VIII's 3-year-old ship Mary Rose bring down the mast of the French flagship and inflict 300 casualties (see 1545).
Polish forces under the command of Jan Tarnowski defeat a Tatar army at Wishniowiec. Poland and Muscovy begin a 10-year war over the White Russian region (see 1514).
The Ottoman sultan Bayazid II is deposed by his Janissaries April 12 at age 65 and dies under suspicious circumstances. His 47-year-old eldest son has Bayazid's other sons strangled in November and will reign until 1520 as Selim I (the Grim), conquering Syria and Egypt and ending the Abbasid caliphate.
Golconda gains independence in India and will remain independent for 175 years.
The Songhai Empire's Mohammed I Askia conquers the Hausa states Kano, Katsina, and Zaria in West Africa (see 1493; 1517).
Spanish colonists import black slaves into Hispaniola's western settlement to replace Indian slaves, who have died in great numbers from disease and from being worked to death in the Spaniards' quest for gold (see Ovando, 1503). By 1550 gold from the New World will be reaching Spain at the rate of 3,000 pounds per year (see Las Casas, 1516).
Burgos enacts laws December 27 protecting West Indian natives from abuse and authorizing use of black slaves.
Explorer Amerigo Vespucci dies at Seville at age 57, having served since 1508 as the city's master navigator (piloto mayor). While that position has been influential, Vespucci has had no idea that his great influence on history would be to have two continents bear his name.
Pope Julius II convenes a council at the Lateran to counter a Church council summoned at Pisa last year by France's Louis XII. The Lateran Council will remain in session until 1517, undertaking the first reforms of abuses in the Church of Rome (but see Luther, 1517).
France's Louis XII imposes a tax on converted Jews from the Spanish states and Portugal.
Painting: The Creation of Adam and TheProphet Jerome by Michelangelo for the Sistine Chapel at Rome; Madonna and Saints by Fra Bartolommeo.
The Newfoundland cod banks provide fish for English, French, Portuguese, and Dutch vessels whose sailors use the island as a base, drying the catch there for shipment back to Europe (see 1504).
Portuguese explorers find nutmeg trees to be indigenous to the island of Banda in the Moluccas. The Portuguese establish trading factories on islands such as Amboina, Ternate, and Tidore; they will dominate the nutmeg and mace trade until 1602, but natives of Sumatra and Java will resist their efforts to take over the lucrative pepper trade.
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology:
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In the year 1512
Earth science
The Portuguese explorers de Abreu and Serrao reach the Moluccas, or Spice Islands.
MathematicsFrench soldiers massacre Italians who have fled to the Brescia cathedral for sanctuary; among the dead is the father of the wounded Niccoló Fontana. As a result of his saber wound, the young boy develops a stammer that causes him -- a mathematical genius -- to be known to posterity as Niccoló Tartaglia (stutterer). (See biography.)
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This article is about the year 1512.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 15th century – 16th century – 17th century |
| Decades: | 1480s 1490s 1500s – 1510s – 1520s 1530s 1540s |
| Years: | 1509 1510 1511 – 1512 – 1513 1514 1515 |
| 1512 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Lists of leaders |
|
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
|
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1512 MDXII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2265 |
| Armenian calendar | 961 ԹՎ ՋԿԱ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6262 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -332–-331 |
| Bengali calendar | 919 |
| Berber calendar | 2462 |
| English Regnal year | 3 Hen. 8 – 4 Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2056 |
| Burmese calendar | 874 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7020–7021 |
| Chinese calendar | 辛未年十二月十三日 (4148/4208-12-13) — to —
壬申年十一月廿四日(4149/4209-11-24) |
| Coptic calendar | 1228–1229 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1504–1505 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5272–5273 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1568–1569 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1434–1435 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4613–4614 |
| Holocene calendar | 11512 |
| Iranian calendar | 890–891 |
| Islamic calendar | 917–918 |
| Japanese calendar | Eishō 9 (永正9年) |
| Korean calendar | 3845 |
| Minguo calendar | 400 before ROC 民前400年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2055 |
 |
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Year 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
- February 18 – War of the League of Cambrai: Sack of Brescia by the French.
- April 11 – War of the League of Cambrai: Battle of Ravenna: French forces under Gaston de Foix, Duc de Nemours defeat the Spanish under Raymond of Cardona, but Gaston is killed in the pursuit.
- May 3 – The Fifth Council of the Lateran starts.
July–December
- August 10 – War of the League of Cambrai: English naval victory at the Battle of St. Mathieu over the French.
- Summer – War of the League of Cambrai: Ferdinand II of Aragon sends Don Fadrique de Toledo to complete the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.
- October 19 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (Doctor in Biblia).
- October 21 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.
- November 1 – The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti, is exhibited to the public for the first time.
Date unknown
- António de Abreu discovers Timor island and reaches Banda Islands, Ambon Island and Seram.
- Francisco Serrão reaches the Moluccas.
- Juan Ponce de León discovers the Turks and Caicos Islands.
- Pedro Mascarenhas discovers Diego Garcia and reaches Mauritius in the Mascarene Islands.
- Selim I succeeds Bayezid II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Turkish Empire, on the same conditions as Wallachia: the voivode will be designated by the Turks, but will be of the Orthodox faith. Also, the Turks are not allowed to build mosques, to be buried, to own land or to settle in the country.
- The Florentine Republic is dismantled and the Medici family comes back into power.
- The word "masque" is first used to denote a poetic drama.
- Wolverhampton Grammar School is founded by Sir Stephen Jenyns in England.
- Giggleswick School is founded by Rev James Carr in England.
- Paracelsus moves to Ferrara.
- Possible date - Nicolaus Copernicus begins to write Commentariolus, an abstract of what will eventually become his heliocentric astronomy De revolutionibus orbium coelestium; he sends it to other scientists interested in the matter by 1514.[1][2][3]
Births
- January 31 – King Henry of Portugal (d. 1580)
- March 5 – Gerardus Mercator, Flemish-German cartographer (d. 1594)
- April 10 – King James V of Scotland (d. 1542)
- date unknown
- Catherine Parr, Sixth and last Queen of Henry VIII of England (d. 1548)
- Galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect (d. 1572)
- Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish renegade (d. 1556)
- Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln, English admiral (d. 1585)
- Marcin Kromer, bishop of Warnia (d. 1589)
- James Lainez, Jesuit General and theologian (d. 1565)
- Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, Lithuanian and Polish magnate (d. 1584)
- Tabinshwehti, king who unified Burma (d. 1550)
- Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (d. 1565)
- Jeronimo Zurita y Castro, Spanish historian (d. 1580)
- probable
- Henry Balnaves, Scottish politician and religious reformer (d. 1579)
- Robert Recorde, Welsh physician and mathematician (d. 1558)
Deaths
- January 2 – Svante Nilsson, regent of Sweden since 1504 (b. 1460)
- February 2 – Hatuey, Taíno chief
- February 22 – Amerigo Vespucci, Italian merchant and cartographer, discoverer of the New World (b. 1454)
- April 11 – Gaston de Foix, French military commander (b. 1489)
- May 21 – Pandolfo Petrucci, ruler of Siena (b. c. 1450)
- May 26 – Beyazid II, Ottoman Sultan (b. c. 1447)
- June 20 – Goto Yujo, swordsman, artisan (b. 1440)
- August 12 – Alessandro Achillini, Italian philosopher (b. 1463)
- September 19 – John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl, Scottish peer (b. 1440)
References
- ^ Grun, Bernard (1991). The Timetables of History (3rd ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 229. ISBN 0-671-74919-6.
- ^ Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. New York: Walker. ISBN 0-8027-1415-3.
- ^ Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0504-1.
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Gale World Chronology
People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Mentioned in
Augsburger Liederbuch
(work)
Parr, Catherine
(Queen of England)
Mercator, Gerhardus
(Flemish cartographer)
to the contrary
(Idiom)
Vespucci, Amerigo
(Italian navigator and explorer)
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