1520s

1520s: events by year

Contents: 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529

1520

January–June

• January 19 – King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Åsunden. The Swedish regent Sten Sture the younger is mortally wounded in the battle. He is rushed towards Stockholm, in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there, but dies from his wounds on February 3.
• June – Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, is declared deposed due to his captivity by conquistador Hernán Cortés. His brother Cuitláhuac rises to the throne.
• June 7 – King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France meet at the famous Field of Cloth of Gold.
• June 15 – Pope Leo X issues the bull Exsurge Domine (Arise O Lord), threatening Martin Luther with excommunication if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.

July–December

• July 1 – La Noche Triste (Night of Sorrow): The forces of Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, gain a major victory against the forces of conquistador Hernán Cortés. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors and some 2,000 of their Native American allies. However, Cortés and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.
• July 20 – The Spaniards defeat the Aztecs at Otumba near Lake Texcaco.
• September 7 – Christian II makes his triumphant entry into Stockholm, which has surrendered to him a few days earlier. Sten Sture's widow Christina Gyllenstierna, who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvment in the resistance.
• September 22 – Suleiman I succeeds his father Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• October – Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies from smallpox. He is succeeded by his nephew Cuauhtémoc.
• November 1 – Christian II is elected king of Sweden.
• November 4 – Christian II is crowned king of Sweden. The coronation is followed by a three-day feast in Stockholm.
• November 7 – At the end of the third day of Christian's coronation feast, several leading figures of the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion are imprisoned and tried for high treason.
• November 8–November 10 – 82 noblemen and clergymen, having been sentenced to death for their involvement in the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion, are executed by beheading in the Stockholm bloodbath.
• November 28 – After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific (the strait was later named the Strait of Magellan).
• December 10 – Martin Luther burns a copy of The Book of Canon Law (see Canon Law) and his copy of the Papal bull Exsurge Domine.

Date unknown

• Martin Luther writes To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation.
• The Castilian War of the Communities begins.
• Duarte Barbosa returns to Cananor.
• Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana) is given as a gift to Suleiman I on the occasion of his accession to the throne.

1521

January–June

• January 3 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.
• January 22 – Emperor Charles V opens the Diet of Worms.
• January 17 – Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of Damascus.
• January 28 – The Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25.
• March 6 – Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam.
• March 16 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines.
• April 7 – Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.
• April 16–April 18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the German Diet of Worms.
• April 24 – Revolt of the Comuneros – Battle of Villalar: Castilian royalists defeat the rebels and execute their three leaders.
• April 26 – Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for a year – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg Castle.
• April 27 – Magellan is killed in the Philippines. In the Battle Of Mactan
• May – War breaks out between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Francis I, the King of France.
• May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
• May 20 – Battle of Pampeluna: The French defeat the Spanish.
• May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.
• May 27 Jiajing Emperor ascends the throne of the Ming Dynasty.
• June 29 or June 30 – The first document is fully written in Romanian: the letter of Neacşu, a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Braşov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.
• June 30 – Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under Henri d'Albret, exiled King of Navarre, are defeated by the Spanish and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.

July–December

• August 8 – Battle of Tenochtitlan: Hernán Cortés and allied local Indians defeat the Aztec forces of Cuauhtémoc, the last Aztec Emperor.
• August 13 – Emperor Cuauhtémoc surrenders to Hernán Cortés.
• August 23 – Christian II of Denmark is deposed as king of Sweden and Gustav Vasa is elected regent.
• August 29 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent.
• November 23 – Spanish–German–Papal forces under Prosper Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.

Date unknown

• Jacopo Berengario da Carpi publishes Commentaria cum amplissimus additionibus super anatomiam Mundini in Bologna, including observation of the vermiform appendix.
• San Juan Bautista is founded in the Puerto Rican archipelago.
• Ryazan is annexed by Moscow.
• Student rebellion in Erfurt.

1522

January–June

• January 9 – Pope Adrian VI (born Adrian Dedens and sometimes referred to as Hadrian) succeeds Pope Leo X as the 218th pope.
• April 27 – Battle of Bicocca: French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.

July–December

• July 28 – Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I begins his siege of the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.
• September 6 – The Vittoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, returns to Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
• December 18 – The Turks finally break into Rhodes, but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.
• December 20 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta and become known as the Knights of Malta.

Date unknown

• The first Diet of Nuremberg is held.
• The third edition of the Textus Receptus of the Bible is published.
• The Knight's Revolt erupts in Germany.
• Chinese Ming Dynasty records indicate that the War Ministry official He Ru is the first to acquire the Portuguese breech-loading culverin, while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming.
• The Habsburg-Valois Wars begin.
• Costa Rica was named by the Spanish Colonizer Gil González Dávila when he found copious quantities of gold in Pacific beaches.
• Some believe that Australia was sighted by a Portuguese expedition led by Cristóvão de Mendonça. They mapped the continent and named it Jave la Grande, meaning The Greater Java.

1523

January–June

• June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing its full independence from Denmark, marking the end of the Kalmar Union.

July–December

• November 19 – Pope Clement VII succeeds Pope Adrian VI as the 219th pope.

Date unknown

• The Ming Dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with Portuguese breech–loading culverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo–lang–ji (Frankish culverin). According to the Ming Shi, these cannons are soon presented to the Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in 1529.
• Martin Luther translates the New Testament into German.
• Wijerd Jelckama, a Frisian warlord and military commander is executed in Leeuwarden. His death ends the successful Frisian rebellion fought by the Arumer Black Heap.
• The first Flemish Lutherans are burned in Brussels.

1524

January–June

• March – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado destroys the K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj
• March 1 – Giovanni da Verrazzano lands near Cape Fear (approx. date).
• April 30 – Battle of the Sesia: Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy defeat the French army in Italy under William de Bonnivet. The French, now commanded by François de St. Pol, withdraw from Italy.
• June 8 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado leads the Battle of Acajutla, defeating a battalion of Pipiles, in the neighborhoods of present day Acajutla, El Salvador

July–December

• August–September – Marseille is besieged by Imperial forces under the Duke of Bourbon.
• October 28 – A French army invading Italy under King Francis besieges Pavia.
• December 8 – Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba founds the city of Granada, Nicaragua, the oldest Hispanic city in the mainland of the Western Hemisphere.

Date unknown

• Giovanni da Verrazzano is the first European to sight the island of Manhattan, the future New York City.
• Quiché, the capital of the K'iche' Maya Kingdom, falls to the Spanish Conquistadores.
• Paracelsus visits Villach.
• Summer - Paracelsus visits Salzburg.

1525

January–June

• January 21 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
• February 24 – Battle of Pavia: Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani.
• February 28 – The last Aztec Emperor, Cuauhtémoc, is killed by Hernán Cortéz.
• March 1 – Giovanni da Verrazzano lands near Cape Fear (approximate date).
• March 20 – In the German town Memmingen the pamphlet The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published , the first human rights related document written in Europe.
• April 10 – Albert of Prussia commits Prussian Homage.
• May 15 – German Peasants' War – Battle of Frankenhausen: The rebellious peasants of the Holy Roman Empire are defeated by the Lords, ending the war.
• June 16 – Henry VIII of England appoints his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy Duke of Richmond and Somerset.

July–December

• July 29 – Santa Marta, the first city in Colombia, is founded by Spanish conqueror Rodrigo de Bastidas.

Date unknown

• European-brought diseases sweep through the Andes, killing thousands, including the Inca.
• Mixco Viejo, capital of the Pocomam Maya State, falls to the Spanish Conquistadores of Pedro de Alvarado in what is now Guatemala after a 3-month siege.
• The Bubonic Plague spreads in southern France.
• The New Testament is translated into English by William Tyndale.
• The first French ambassador arrives in Istanbul.
• The Chinese Ministry of War under the Ming Dynasty orders ships having more than one mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad.
• Over 75,000 peasants are killed in Germany.
• Francis I of France and Suleiman I strike an alliance against Habsburg Empire.
• Age of Samael ends and the Age of Gabriel starts according to Johannes Trithemius.

1526

January–June

• January 14 – Treaty of Madrid: Peace is declared between Francis I of France and Charles V. Francis agrees to cede Burgundy to Charles, and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.
• April 21 – First battle of Panipat: Babur becomes Moghul (or Mughal) emperor , and invades northern India and captures Delhi, beginning the Mughal Empire, which lasts until 1857.
• May 22 – Francis repudiates the Treaty of Madrid and forms the League of Cognac against Charles, including the Pope, Milan, Venice, and Florence.
• May 24 – The Transit of Venus occurs, the last one before optical filters allowed astronomers to observe them.
• June 9 – Emperor Go-Nara ascends to the throne of Japan.

July–December

• July 24 – Milan is captured by the Spanish.
• August 29 – Battle of Mohács: The Turkish army of Sultan Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King Louis II, who is killed in the retreat. Suleiman takes Buda, while Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zapolya, Prince of Transylvania, dispute over the succession. As a result of the battle, Dubrovnik achieves independence, although it acknowledges Turkish overlordship.
• December - Paracelsus arrives at Strasbourg.

Date unknown

• The first official translation is made of the New Testament of the Bible into Swedish (cf. 1541).
• The first complete printed translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale arrives in England from Germany in the spring. It had been printed in Worms, Germany.
• Gunsmith Mastro Bartolomeo Beretta establishes the Beretta Gun Company, which is still in business today, making it one of the oldest corporations in the world.

1527

January–June

• January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.
• March 17 – Battle of Khanwa: This and two other major Moghul victories lead to the domination of northern India.
• March - Paracelsus is appointed as town physician of Basle.
• May 6 – Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome (the infamous Sacco di Roma), forcing Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V.
• May 16 – In Florence, the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of Girolamo Savonarola, drive out the Medici for a second time, and Florence re-establishes a republic that lasts until 1530.
• June 17 – The Narváez expedition to conquer Florida set sail from Spain.
• June 17 – The Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden.
• June 23 – Paracelsus burns books of Avicenna.

July–December

• August 3 – The first known letter is sent from North America by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.
• August 20 – Sixty Anabaptists meet at the Martyrs' Synod.
• August 20 – Diet of Odense (Denmark). King Frederick I declares religious tolerance for Lutherans, permits marriage of priests, forbids seeking papal pallium (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.^[1][2]

Date unknown

• The Spanish conquest of Guatemala highlands is completed; the first Guatemala City (Ciudad Vieja) is founded.
• Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo invades Yucatán.
• Battle of Tokay: Ferdinand, future Holy Roman Emperor, defeats John Zápolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Turks for help.
• Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi of Somalia defeats the Ethiopian army with his new firearms.
• Members of the University of Wittenberg flee to Jena in fear of the bubonic plague.
• Bishop Vesey's Grammar School in Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, UK is founded by Bishop John Vesey.
• The Ming Dynasty government of China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful granary system.
• The High Renaissance ends.

1528

January–June

• January 12 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned king of Sweden. (Having already reigned since his election in 1523.)
• February – Peasant uprising in Dalarna, Sweden: rebel campaign fails and rebel leader, later known as Daljunkern, flees to Rostock.
• June 19 – Battle of Landriano: A French army in Italy under Marshal St. Pol is decisively defeated.

July–December

• September 12 – Andrea Doria defeats his former allies, the French, and establishes the independence of Genoa.
• October 3 – Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón arrives in the Maluku Islands.
• October 13 – Cardinal Wolsey founds a college at Ipswich, which later becomes Ipswich School.
• October 20 – The Treaty of Gorinchem is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Charles, Duke of Guelders.
• November 6 – Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day Texas.

Date unknown

• Montenegro gains autonomy under Turkish power.
• The Maya peoples drive Spanish Conquistadores out of Yucatán.
• Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.
• Bubonic plague breaks out in England.^[3]
• The fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness occurs in England. This time the disease also spreads to northern Europe.
• St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle is completed.
• Chateau Fontainebleau in France is begun.
• Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the fortifications of Florence.
• Baldassare Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier.
• Ipswich School was founded in its current form by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey from older (dating back to 1299) institutions in the town.
• In Henan province of China, during the mid Ming Dynasty, a vast drought deprives the region of harvests for the next two years, killing off half the people in some communities due to starvation and cannibalism, as reported by local gazeteers.
• Paracelsus leaves Basle.
• February - Paracelsus visits Colmar in Alsace.

1529

January–June

• March 7–March 9 – Battle of Shimbra Kure: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.
• April 8 – Flensburg Disputation. The Disputation was a debate, attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark) between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presided. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.^[4]
• April 19 – At the Diet of Speyer, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.
• April 22 – The Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
• May–July – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, presides over a legatine court at Blackfriars, London, to rule on the legality of King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.^[5]
• May 10 – The Turkish army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople to invade Hungary once again.

July–December

• July 30 – Only Continental outbreak of English sweating sickness reaches Lübeck, spreading from there into Schleswig-Holstein in next few months.^[6]
• August 5 – Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or the "Ladies' Peace". Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain Burgundy. Henry VIII of England accedes on August 27.^[7]
• September 8
  • Buda is recaptured by the invading Turkish forces.
  • The city of Maracaibo, Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
• September 23 – Vienna is besieged by the Turkish forces of Suleiman.
• October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the siege.
• October 26 – Cardinal Wolsey falls from power in England due to his failure to prevent Habsburg expansion in Europe and obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage. Thomas More succeeds him as Lord Chancellor.^[7]
• November 4–December 17 – First sitting of the English Reformation Parliament.^[7]

Date unknown

• Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire in England by King Henry VIII.
• Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.
• Boromrajathira IV succeeds Rama Thibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.
• Fluorine is first described by Georg Agricola.
• Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.
• Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.
• Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten, Switzerland.
• Paracelsus visits Nürnberg.
• Paracelsus uses the name Paracelsus for the first time.

Significant people

Births

Deaths

References