1532

1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540

political events

The Ottoman forces of Suleiman I invade Hungary but Carinthia and Croatia repel the attackers.

Brittany's Duchess Anne signs the Treaty of Plessis-Mace with France's François I who adds the duchy to his realm (final absorption of Brittany into France will come in 1547).

Inca armies engage in battle early in the year outside Cuzco. Atahualpa triumphs over his older half brother Huascár, his generals take Huascár prisoner, and Huascár is put to death along with his family by order of Atahualpa, who rests at the hot springs of Cajamarca while preparing to enter Cuzco and become the Inca himself (see 1530). Francisco Pizarro has ascended the Andes and enters Cuzco with 168 soldiers and a dozen others. He invites Atahualpa to attend a feast in his honor November 15. Atahualpa arrives November 16 with as many as 80,000 soldiers plus unarmed retainers. He rejects demands by the friar Vicente de Valverde that he accept the Christian faith and the sovereignty of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, whereupon Pizarro has his conquistadors fire their guns and cannons, charge the natives with their horses, and kill at least 7,000. Pizarro himself seizes the Inca Atahualpa, who offers to fill a large room with gold if his captors will release him. Pizarro holds Atahualpa for ransom, paralyzing the machinery of Inca government as vast quantities of gold and silver art objects, jewelry, and statues come in from all over the empire to fill a room 22 feet long, 17 wide, and about eight high (but see 1533).

exploration, colonization

Puebla (de los Angeles) is founded at an altitude of 7,093 feet (2,162 meters) in the foothills of New Spain's Sierra Madre Oriental.

Cartagena is founded by Pedro Herdia, who acts by authority of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Spain's Carlos I).

religion

The religious peace of Nuremberg permits Protestants free exercise of their religion until the meeting of a new council to be summoned within a year.

literature

Nonfiction: Table-talk by Martin Luther, who advances the view that Jesus probably committed adultery with Mary Magdalene and other women so as to partake fully of the nature of man. "No good ever came out of female domination. God created Adam master and lord of all living creatures, but Eve spoiled all."

Fiction: Pantagruel by Lyons physician François Rabelais, 38, whose earthy satire is published under the pen name Alcofrybas Nasier.

Poetry: L'Adolescence clémentine by Clément Marot, now 36, who serves as court poet to François I.

art

Painting: Charles V by Titian; Madonna of St. George (Il Giorno) by Correggio; Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon by Lucas Cranach the Elder.

sports

England's Henry VIII has a structure built at Hampton Court for the game of court tennis (jeu de paume, or game of the hand) that has been played since medieval times and will be virtually the only kind of tennis for nearly 3½ centuries. The court has four irregularly sized walls with roofs that slope over a net five feet high at its ends and three feet at its center; players use pear-shaped, lopsided rackets to hit hard cloth balls and employ terms such as love (meaning zero), deuce, advantage in, and advantage out (see 1874).

architecture, real estate

Russia's Church of the Ascension is completed at Kolomenskoie.

Moldavia's monastery of Moldovita is completed with a painted and fortified church that replaces one destroyed by an earthquake in the Carpathian Mountains.

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V establishes residence at Madrid and pays for improvements to the imperial palace with taxes on Caribbean sugar.

environment

Horses introduced into Peru by Francisco Pizarro will be seen within 3 years running wild on the pampas of eastern South America. Within 70 years the horses will be running in herds of uncountable size and will be revolutionizing daily life.

agriculture

Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahugen lands in New Spain and writes the first full description of vanilla (see 1528; 1571).

food and drink

Count Cesare Frangipani in Rome invents the almond pastry that will bear his name.

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