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Contents: political eventsmedicine communications, media literature art marine resources agriculture population |
The Peace of Grosswardein (Nagyvárad) February 24 ends hostilities between Hungary's two kings, Ferdinand of Hapsburg and John Zápolya (see 1533). John agrees to make Ferdinand his successor, but Ferdinand will not be able to enforce the agreement (see 1540).
Mary of Lorraine, duchesse de Guise, now 23 and widowed, marries Scotland's widowed James V, 26 (see 1542).
The third war between France's François I and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ends June 18 with each side retaining possession of its conquests, but the truce of Nice is inconclusive.
A Holy League against the Ottoman Turks allies Pope Paul III, Venice, and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Charles tries to buy off the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa (Khair ad-Din), who controls much of the Mediterranean and defeats a Venetian fleet under the command of Genoa's doge Andrea Doria at the Battle of Préveza in September, gaining a naval supremacy throughout the Mediterranean that will remain an Ottoman sea until 1571.
An Ottoman naval expedition takes over Aden and Yemen on the east coast of the Red Sea and ventures as far as the northwest coast of India.
Ottoman forces invade Persia for the second time since Tahmasp became shah in 1524 (see 1534; 1543).
The former Songhai emperor Mohammed I Askia dies at Gao March 3 at age 95 (approximate), having bequeathed his green turban and caliph's saber to his son Askia Ismal as a reward for having ended his exile last year. The former emperor is buried under a pyramid of earth topped by wooden spike.
Diego de Almagro in Chile hears of a rebellion by Peruvian natives, who have laid seize to Cuzco (see 1534). He hastens back to Cuzco, puts down the insurrection, and imprisons Francisco Pizarro's brothers Hernándo and Alonso for refusing to follow his orders during the hostilities. Pizarro returns to Cuzco, defeats Almagro's army, captures his erstwhile co-captain general, and has him put to death by strangulation at age 63 (see 1541).
The Castel of Helth by Sir Thomas Elyot is a medical handbook.
The first dictionary of the English language is compiled by Sir Thomas Elyot (see Johnson, 1755).
Nonfiction: Table-talk by Martin Luther, who writes, "Eloquence in women shouldn't be praised; it is more fitting for them to lisp and stammer. This is more becoming to them."
Painting: The Venus of Urbino and The Allegory of Marriage by Titian; Christina of Denmark by Hans Holbein. Albrecht Altdorfer dies at Regensburg February 12 at age 57.
The first definite reference to Newfoundland fishing expeditions appears in Basque records, although Basque fishermen have been visiting the Grand Banks for some decades and possibly for a century (see 1497; 1504).
Peanuts are introduced into China by Spanish or Portuguese navigators, who will also introduce it into sub-Saharan Africa along with corn, potatoes, and capsicums (peppers) (see 1550). Tomatoes will also be introduced into China but will not be widely known there until the late 19th century.
Poule d'Inde (chicken of the Indies, meaning turkey) is served in France (see 1523). The French will call hen turkey dinde, tom turkey dindon.
English parish records begin to indicate births, marriages, and deaths. The records will make future population estimates more accurate.
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