1557
Top
1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560
Contents: political eventsexploration, colonization science literature art marine resources |
Portugal's João III (the Pious) dies at Lisbon June 11 at age 55 after a 36-year reign in which he has instituted the Inquisition. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old grandson Sebastian, who will reign until 1578, mostly under a regency.
England's Mary Tudor declares war on France June 7 in support of her husband, the Spanish infante, in a conflict provoked by Pope Paul IV.
Irish chieftain Shane O'Neill invades Tyrconnell with a large army to gain dominion over Ulster. His rival Calvagh O'Donnell has sought aid in Scotland from the MacDonnells, who have helped him depose his father, Manus, and his half brother Hugh. O'Neill has seen an opportunity to oust the O'Donnells, but Calvagh surprises O'Neill's forces in their camp at night, forces them to flee, and gains recognition by the English as lord of Tyrconnell (see 1561).
France sends François de Lorraine, 2nd duc de Guise, on an expedition to conquer Naples, but a Spanish army invades northern France from the Lowlands, Guise is recalled to repel the invaders, and he manages to bring back his army virtually without any losses (see 1558). The Battle of St. Quentin August 10 ends in victory for Spanish forces under Emmanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy, over a French army led by the Constable de Montmorency, now 64, and drives the French from Italy.
Siena loses her independence as Florence's Cosimo de' Medici becomes ruler of the former republic.
A 14-year Livonian War begins as Mucovite forces invade Poland, the Swedes take Estonia, and the Danes acquire part of Courland in a dispute over succession to the Baltic territories ruled by the Teutonic Knights (see 1525; 1569).
Macão off the Chinese coast near Canton is settled by Portuguese colonists, who have the consent of Chinese authorities. They establish regular trade with the Chinese mainland and will occupy the island until the end of 1999.
Mariner-explorer Jacques Cartier dies outside Saint Malo September 1 at age 66.
Whetstone of Witte by Robert Recorde is dedicated to the governors of the Muscovy Company, which Recorde serves as technical adviser on matters of navigation (see 1555). He is the first person to use the equal (=) sign to denote equality, saying, "noe 2 thynges can be more equalle than a pair of paralleles."
Poetry: "Withdrawn Life" ("Vida retirada") by Spanish Augustinian monk and mystic Luis de Léon, 30; Songs and Sonettes Written by the Ryght honorable Lorde Henry Howard Late Earle of Surrey, and Other (apud Richardum Tottel) (see 1547). The work includes also poems by the late Sir Thomas Wyatt, who died in 1542; Hundredth Good Pointes of Husbandry by English versifier Thomas Tusser, 37: "The stone that is rolling can gather no moss./ Who often removeth is sure of loss"; "At Christmas play, and make good cheer,/ For Christmas comes but once a year."
Painting: Landscape with the Parable of the Sower by Pieter Brueghel; Portrait of Massimiliano Stampa (3rd marquese of Sansino) by Sofonisba Anguissola.
Observations of whales by voyagers of the Muscovy Company lead to the opening by the English of a whale fishery at Spitsbergen (see 1555; 1596).
1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology:
Top
In the year 1557
Mathematics
Robert Recorde's The Whetstone of Witte introduces an elongated version of the equal sign, =, into mathematics (asking what could be more equal than a pair of parallel lines); it also introduces the + and - signs for addition and subtraction into English. See also 1514 Mathematics; 1631 Mathematics.
PhysicsItalian physician Julius Caesar Scaliger [b. Riva (Italy), 1484, d. Agen, France, October 21, 1558] makes what seems to be the first written reference to platinum, which had been discovered a few years earlier. See also 1550 Materials.
Top
This article is about the year 1557.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 15th century – 16th century – 17th century |
| Decades: | 1520s 1530s 1540s – 1550s – 1560s 1570s 1580s |
| Years: | 1554 1555 1556 – 1557 – 1558 1559 1560 |
| 1557 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Lists of leaders |
|
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1557 MDLVII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2310 |
| Armenian calendar | 1006 ԹՎ ՌԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6307 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -287–-286 |
| Bengali calendar | 964 |
| Berber calendar | 2507 |
| English Regnal year | 3 Ph. & M. – 4 Ph. & M. |
| Buddhist calendar | 2101 |
| Burmese calendar | 919 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7065–7066 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙辰年十二月初一日 (4193/4253-12-1) — to —
丁巳年十二月十一日(4194/4254-12-11) |
| Coptic calendar | 1273–1274 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1549–1550 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5317–5318 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1613–1614 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1479–1480 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4658–4659 |
| Holocene calendar | 11557 |
| Iranian calendar | 935–936 |
| Islamic calendar | 964–965 |
| Japanese calendar | Kōji 3 (弘治3年) |
| Julian calendar | 1557 MDLVII |
| Korean calendar | 3890 |
| Minguo calendar | 355 before ROC 民前355年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2100 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1557 |
Year 1557 (MDLVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
- April 30 – Arauco War: Battle of Mataquito: Spanish forces of the Governor Francisco de Villagra launch a dawn surprise attack against the Mapuche headed by their toqui Lautaro in present-day Chile.
- June 7 – Mary I of England joins her husband Philip II of Spain in his war against France.
July–December
- August 10 – Battle of St. Quentin: French forces under Marshal Anne de Montmorency are decisively defeated by the Spanish and English under Duke Emanuel Philibert of Savoy. Montmorency himself is captured, but Philip II refuses to press his advantage, and withdraws to the Netherlands.
- September 11–October 8 – The Colloquy of Worms convenes.
- October 27 – Emperor Ōgimachi accedes to the throne of Japan.
Date unknown
- Özdemir Pasha conquers the Red Sea port of Massawa for the Ottoman Empire.
- Cossack chieftain Dimitrash tries to take Azov.
- With the permission of the Ming Dynasty government of China and the benefit of both Western and Eastern merchants, the Portuguese settle in Macau (retroceded in 1999). Direct Sino-Portuguese trade had existed since 1513, but this is the first official legal treaty port on traditional Chinese soil that will form a long-term Western settlement. Soon after, China legalizes foreign trade, and Chinese began to migrate overseas.
- Spain becomes bankrupt, throwing the German banking houses into chaos.[1]
- Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, is refounded by John Caius.
- The following schools are founded in England:
- Brentwood School, Essex, by Sir Antony Browne.
- Hampton School, Hampton, London, by Robert Hammond.
- Repton School, by Sir John Port.
- Welsh-born mathematician Robert Recorde publishes The Whetstone of Witte in London, containing the first recorded use of the equals sign and also the first use in English of plus and minus signs.
- German adventurer Hans Staden publishes a widely-translated account of his detention by the Tupí people of Brazil, Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen ("True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America").
Births
- February 15 – Vittoria Accoramboni, Italian noblewoman (d. 1585)
- February 24 – Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1619)
- May 31 – Tsar Feodor I of Russia (d. 1598)
- August 16 – Agostino Carracci, Italian painter and graphical artist (d. 1602)
- August 19 – Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1608)
- September 16 – Jacques Mauduit, French composer (d. 1627)
- date unknown
- Julius Caesar, English judge and politician (d. 1636)
- Giovanni Croce, Italian composer (d. 1609)
- Balthasar Gérard, assassin of William I of Orange (d. 1584)
- Toda Katsushige, Japanese warlord (d. 1600)
- Olaus Martini, Archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1609)
- Thomas Morley, English composer (d. 1602)
- Oda Nobutada, Japanese general (d. 1582)
- probable – Giovanni Gabrieli, Italian composer and organist (d. 1612)
Deaths
- January 2 – Pontormo, Italian painter (b. 1494)
- January 8 – Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ("Albert the Warlike"), Prince of Bayreuth (b. 1522)
- April 9 – Mikael Agricola, Finnish scholar (b. c. 1510)
- April 21 – Petrus Apianus, German astronomer (b. 1495)
- June 11 – King John III of Portugal (b. 1502)
- July 8 (date of will) – Geoffrey Glyn, by his will founding Friars School, Bangor
- July 16 – Anne of Cleves, Fourth Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1515)
- August 1 – Olaus Magnus, Swedish ecclesiastic and writer (b. 1490)
- September 1 – Jacques Cartier, French explorer (b. 1491)
- September 13 – John Cheke, English classical scholar and statesman (b. 1514)
- September 27 – Emperor Go-Nara of Japan (b. 1497)
- October 5 or October 6 – Kamran Mirza, Mughal prince (b. 1509)
- October 25 – William Cavendish, English courtier (b. 1505)
- November 19 – Bona Sforza, queen of Sigismund I of Poland (b. 1494)
- December 13 – Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia, Italian mathematician (b. 1499)
- date unknown
- Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Spanish historian (b. 1478)
- Nicolas de Herberay des Essarts, French translator
- Jean Salmon Macrin, French poet (b. 1490)
- probable
- Sebastian Cabot, explorer (b. 1476)
- Thomas Crecquillon, Flemish composer (b. 1490)
References
- ^ Archer, Christon et al. (2002). World History of Warfare. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-8032-4423-8.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:
Copyrights:
Gale World Chronology
People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
Read more
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
Mentioned in
Anne of Cleves
(Queen of England)
Cartier, Jacques
(French explorer)
Cuenca
(city of south-central Ecuador)
Cabot, Sebastian
(Italian-born explorer and cartographer)
Bari
(city of southeast Italy on the Adriatic Sea)
» More